The Synthetic Cannabinoid Withdrawal Syndrome

Nacca, Nicholas; Vatti, Deepak; Sullivan, Ross; Sud, Payal; Su, Mark; Marraffa, Jeanna M.

doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e31828e1881

Cited by 98 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…I want to fight and get exhausted" (25-year-old male university graduate). Anxiety and tachycardia findings have been found in acute deprivation, while neurologic findings and electrolyte abnormalities have not been found (Nacca et al, 2013). One study (Hoyte et al, 2012) stated that symptoms of tachycardia, agitation, drowsiness/lethargy, confusion, and hallucination are seen the most.…”

Section: Theme 5: Participants' Experiences After Using Bonsai and Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Synthetic Cannabinoids among Youths and Related Factors

Adıbelli¹,

Saçan²,

Çelebi³

2017

addicta

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This research was carried out to obtain in-depth knowledge about the sociodemographic characteristics of young people who are using synthetic cannabinoids, the reasons for this use, and what they experience afterwards. The study was conducted between June and August of 2016 with six young people 25 and under who use synthetic cannabinoids and live in central Aydın. The research began with a person in this age group and through the snowball technique reached others who also used synthetic cannabinoids. In the study, the in-depth interview technique was used to collect data, and the descriptive analysis technique was used to analyze the qualitative data. As a data-collection tool, a semi-structured interview form consisting of 10 questions was used. Each question was prepared in order to obtain different data. The study found that the youths had started using synthetic cannabinoids in early adolescence, their families generally had good levels of education and income, and they used other addictive substances besides this. Youths were found to have weak and negative family relationships in general, not thought of treatment, and lack knowledge and awareness this substance' s danger. Determining youths' reasons for using synthetic cannabinoids, and what they experience before, during, and after use is thought able to lead to initiatives preventing the use of this and similar substances.

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Section: Theme 5: Participants' Experiences After Using Bonsai and Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Synthetic Cannabinoids among Youths and Related Factors

Adıbelli¹,

Saçan²,

Çelebi³

2017

addicta

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“…Regarding tolerance, dependency and withdrawal symptoms, [90,91] 3 cases have been reported, in particular one concerning a 20-year-old man who rapidly increased his use of "Spice gold" to 3 g a day, who on days 4-7 of his hospitalisation presented signs of craving, with nightmares, sweating, trembling, headache, blood pressure at 180/90 mmHg and tachycardia (125 bpm).…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Synthetic Drugs in Addictovigilance

et al. 2015

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-New substances, also known as "designer drugs" or "legal highs" are increasingly available to drug users. Two hundred and fifteen hitherto unlisted substances have been notified by European Union member states since 2005. These synthetic drugs, which have been developed to side-step the legislation on drugs, are analogues or derivatives of existing drugs and medications. The availability of these "legal highs", sold on Internet under various denominations such as bath salt, plant fertilizer, chemical not intended for human use, or spice, is unlimited. The effects felt by users vary, and the substances may be stimulant, entactogenic, hallucinogenic, psychedelic or dissociative. The pharmacological targets also vary, and may be either the increase of extracellular levels of neurotransmitters via different mechanisms (reuptake inhibition, stimulation of intracellular release) or else fixation on specific receptors. Several chemical classes, themselves divided into sub-classes, are involved: phenethylamines, tryptamines, piperazines, cathinones, cannabinoids etc. The toxicity of the main members of these categories is increasingly well known, the most deleterious being behavioural effects, physical manifestations, and cardiovascular consequences. However, small variations in their chemical structure can generate effects that are quantitatively different, thus enhancing their toxicity or addictive potential, and much remains to be achieved in terms of knowledge about these new drugs. These substances are indeed present on the French territory, as shown by data provided by the Observatoire Français des Drogues et Toxicomanies, and notifications by the French Addictovigilance network. Screening in clinical toxicology laboratories is not widespread, since these molecules are not detected by the standard screening tests, so that there is probably an under-estimation of the use of these new drugs. The legislation on these substances changes regularly, with more and more countries classifying them as "narcotics" or illegal psychotropic drugs so as to restrict their use, applying a generic classification when possible.

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“…According to clinical case reports, withdrawal symptoms are similar to those seen in users of natural cannabis, but more serious. Some chronic users experience withdrawal symptoms when they reducing doses [37], and report anxiety, headache, limb cramps, chills, anorexia and intense drug cravings [38,39]. In some countries they currently represent an important group of patients who demand hospitalization for detoxification [40].…”

Section: Addictive Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic cannabinoids: characteristics, use and clinical implications

Hervás¹

2017

Arch Psych Psych

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Synthetic cannabinoids are chemicals that bind to cannabinoid receptors and produce effects similar to those of tetrahydrocannabinol. Although initially designed as possible pharmacological tools, they are currently one of the most important of the so-called new drugs. Some of these cannabinoids are extremely potent and have serious effects on the health of the users who are primarily young people. Its use can affect the behavior unpredictably (many users do not really know what they are consuming), and produce more adverse consequences than marijuana.This article reviews the most important characteristics of these substances, the consequences of their consumption and the clinical implications that derive from it.

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The Synthetic Cannabinoid Withdrawal Syndrome

Cited by 98 publications

References 11 publications

The Use of Synthetic Cannabinoids among Youths and Related Factors

The Use of Synthetic Cannabinoids among Youths and Related Factors

New Synthetic Drugs in Addictovigilance

Synthetic cannabinoids: characteristics, use and clinical implications

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