The synthetic dye malachite green found in food induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in four different mammalian cell lines from distinct tissuesw

Abstract

Malachite green (MG) is a synthetic dye that uses ranges from its application as a tissue dye to that as an antiparasitic in aquaculture. Several studies have reported the presence of this compound in food dyes and in the meat of fish raised in captivity for human consumption, suggesting risks both for the end user and for as those who handle these products because of MG toxic properties described in the literature. Here we evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic profiles of MG in four different cell lines (ACP02, L929, MNP01, and MRC-5). Two of these cell lines are stomach cells (normal and cancer lineages) and the potential ingestion of MG makes this a relevant cell type. Cells were treated with MG at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 100 μM, and tested by MTT assay, a differential apoptosis/necrosis assay (EB/OA), the micronucleus test (MN), and the comet assay. MG exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity toward all of the tested cell types; higher concentrations of MG cause cell necrosis, while lower concentrations induce apoptosis. MG has a genotoxic profile increasing the rates of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, and DNA fragmentation; L929 and MRC-5 showed more sensibility than ACP02 and MNP01. HighlightsMalachite green (MG) exhibits a dose-dependent toxic pattern in vitro.High concentrations of MG cause apoptosis and necrosis in vitro.MG has genotoxic potential, inducing DNA breaks/fragmentation.MG must be handled with extreme prudence.

Efficient malachite green biodegradation by Pseudomonas plecoglossicide MG2: process optimization, application in bioreactors, and degradation pathway

“…These data revealed the potential of Pseudomonas plecoglossicide MG2 as a MG biodegrader. In accordance with these results, Vilhena et al [ 46 ] found that MG showed high cytotoxicity effect against tested cell lines (ACP02, L929, MNP01, and MRC-5). They also reported that higher MG concentrations exhibited cell necrosis while lower MG concentrations induced opoptosis.…”

“…There are many reports about the cytotoxicity effect of MG against cells from different organism including humans. In addition, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and mutagenesis potential of MG were reported in the human cells [ 46 ]. Despite its high toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, MG is currently used extensively worldwide for dyeing due to its relatively low cost [ 35 ].…”

Engineering Site 228 of Streptomyces coelicolor Laccase for Optimizing Catalytic Activity

“…Aquatic products, renowned for their abundance in various unsaturated fatty acids and high-quality protein content, are susceptible to transmitting harmful substances to humans due to the distinctive nature of their growth environments, distinguishing them from other edible products . Malachite green (MG), a common pollutant in aquatic environments, poses a significant health risk as it accumulates in the human body through the food chain, displaying pronounced toxicity, particularly toward the liver and other cells. , Enzymatic degradation of MG has attracted attention as a relatively efficient, environmentally friendly, and economical degradation method. , …”

Chaotropic Effect-Induced Self-Assembly of the Malachite Green and Boron Cluster for Toxicity Regulation and Photothermal Therapy

“…MG is generally used in agriculture, aquaculture, food, health, textile, and other industries for a variety of purposes . It is highly carcinogenic to aquatic organisms such as fish and mammals. − MG is a nonbiodegradable compound that is highly toxic by nature, persists in the environment for long periods of time, and penetrates the food chain. , Its toxicity increases with exposure time, temperature, and concentration and can induce carcinogenic, mutagenic, chromosome breaking, respiratory toxicity, etc. ,− Therefore, it is highly necessary to explore a simple method to modulate the toxicity of MG.…”