The tadpoles of the funnel‐mouthed dendrobatids (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae:Silverstoneia): external morphology, musculoskeletal anatomy, buccopharyngeal cavity, and new synapomorphies

Abstract

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Life on the edge: Tadpoles of Cycloramphidae (Amphibia; Anura), anatomy, systematics, functional morphology, and comments on the evolution of semiterrestrial tadpoles

“…(e.g., Dias, 2020;Dias et al,2019Dias et al, , 2021Gan et al, 2015;Haas et al, 2006Haas et al, , 2014Peixoto et al, 2003;Rada et al, 2019;Rowley et al, 2012;Vera Candioti et al, 2017;Zachariah et al, 2012). Our study provides…”

“…The importance of larval morphology to understand evolution and diversification of anurans has been recognized for a long time (e.g., Boulenger, 1892;Dias et al, 2013Dias et al, , 2021Haas, 1995Haas, , 2003Lataste, 1879;Noble, 1929;Orton, 1953), but we are far from fully understanding larval diversity. In the last 20 years, as more species were studied, several new, highly modified larval character-states have been described…”

“…The wide variety of forms and environments occupied can be explained by the hypothesis that morphological characters were selected independently in each developmental stage (Harris, 1999). As extreme examples, one can cite neustonic tadpoles with umbelliform oral discs that feed on the water surface (e.g., Dias et al, 2018Dias et al, , 2021Grosjean et al, 2011), and fossorial tadpoles with reduced eyes, unpigmented skin, and vermiform bodies (e.g., Rada et al, 2019). Tadpoles can even occupy terrestrial environments (e.g., Menin & Rodrigues, 2013).…”

Larval morphology of Amazonia foam‐nesting frogs of the genus Engystomops (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

“…Since then, our understanding of the morphological diversity of tadpoles has grown significantly ( e.g. , Altig & McDiarmid, 1999; Kolenc et al, 2008; Krings et al, 2017; Larson et al, 2003; Mota et al, 2020; Pezzuti et al, 2021; Vera Candioti et al, 2020; Vera Candioti, 2008; Wassersug & Heyer, 1988; Dias et al, 2021a, 2021b). This entire body of information, coupled with phylogenetic methodologies of analysis, has expanded our understanding of the role of larval characters in assessing evolution and phylogenetic relationships of anurans (e.g., Haas, 2003; Larson & de Sá, 1998; Li et al, 2011; Maglia et al, 2001; Pugener et al, 2003; Roelants et al, 2011).…”

As relações filogenéticas de Hyloxalus Jiménez de la Espada 1870 (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

“…Nevertheless, a few studies reported variation in the hyoid musculature, urogenital system, integument of the ventral skin, and also in behavior in Hyloxalus and other dendrobatoids (Trewavas 1933, Bhaduri 1953, Myers et al 2012, Grant et al 2017, Quiguango-Ubillús and Coloma 2008. Likewise, in tadpoles of this genus and also in superfamily there is variation in its morphology and anatomy, which has been proposed as characters (Myers 1987, Haas 1995, Haas 2003, Grant et al 2006, Sánchez 2013, Dias et al 2021; however, the tadpoles of 33 species of Hyloxalus remain unknown, and larval morphology, both external and internal, of the genus is poorly understood (Haas 1995, Anganoy-Criollo 2013. In addition, the review of the homoplastic characters of the superfamily revealed new characters, resulting in new synapomorphies at distinct levels for this group (e.g., Cavalcanti et al 2022).…”