The Taste Sense and the Relative Sweetness of Sugar and Other Sweet Substances

Cameron, A. T.

doi:10.2307/1418581

Cited by 51 publications

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“…The thresholds observed for normal subjects in the present study are essentially the same as those reported in the literature (Figure 1), which have been obtained by various methods, most of which differ from that used here (3,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) Figure 2. In this patient, prednisolone alone returned taste to normal while hyponatremia and hyperkalemia were still present, whereas DOCA did not affect taste threshold, although it returned serum sodium and potassium to normal and produced a marked gain in body weight.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Studies on Taste Thresholds in Normal Man and in Patients With Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency: The Role of Adrenal Cortical Steroids and of Serum Sodium Concentration

Henkin¹,

Gill²,

Bartter³

1963

J. Clin. Invest.

290

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Patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency exhibit an increased taste sensitivity for sodium chloride (NaCl) (1). Treatment with carbohydrate-active steroids returns the abnormal threshold to normal levels (1). In a variety of acute and chronic debilitating diseases, a number of them exhibiting major abnormalities of water and electrolyte metabolism, taste threshold for NaCi is comparable to that observed in healthy subjects (1). Taste thresholds for all modalities are decreased in cystic fibrosis, but they do not change after treatment with steroids (2).The present study was designed to examine in detail taste thresholds in adrenal insufficiency and to explore the effect of adrenal cortical hormones on taste. METHODSThe subjects of this study were 13 normal volunteers, aged 6 to 35, two patients with anterior pituitary insufficiency, aged 21 and 36, and seven patients with Addison's disease, aged 25 to 65. All patients with Addison's disease had clinical features of this disease, urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids that were below 2 mg per 24 hours and did not increase with adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), 40 U given intravenously over 8 hours, each day for 5 days. Both patients with anterior pituitary insufficiency had hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, and adrenal insufficiency, with urinary 1 7-hydroxycorticosteroids in J.M. and S.P. of 1.1 and 2.2 mg per day, respectively, rising to 27 and 10.9 mg per day, respectively, with ACTH. All patients remained on an air-conditioned metabolic ward and ate a normal diet, which was well tolerated even when they were not receiving treatment. Sodium intake was 100 to 200 mEq per day. Body weight, determined with metabolic scales daily on arising, was used to provide a gross estimate of changes in the volume of body fluids. The patients were studied under each of three conditions: a) untreated for 4 or more days, b) treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), 20 mg per day for 1 to 7 days, and c) treated with prednisolone (A1F), 20 mg per day for 2 to 5 days.In addition, detection thresholds for the taste of NaCl were measured between 7 and 8 a.m. in three normal Caucasian males, aged 18 to 20, before and during treatment with Pitressin. The two levels of sodium intake during Pitressin were 9 mEq and 150 mEq per day. Taste was evaluated by measuring the detection threshold. A detection threshold is defined as the lowest concentration of test solution that can be consistently distinguished from distilled water. Thresholds were measured by one observer in the early morning hours in the normal subjects and in the morning or evening hours, or both, in the patients with adrenal insufficiency. Occasional retesting of the patient by another observer gave comparable results on each occasion. At the time of testing, the patients had not smoked or eaten for at least 1 hour. After the mouth was rinsed with distilled water, the solutions of test substance or glass-distilled water were administered as single drops and placed on alternate sides of the anterior one-third of the tongue.Each...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Studies on Taste Thresholds in Normal Man and in Patients With Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency: The Role of Adrenal Cortical Steroids and of Serum Sodium Concentration

Henkin¹,

Gill²,

Bartter³

1963

J. Clin. Invest.

290

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“…Similar direct matches between the sweetness of sugars (Cameron, 1947) also produced equal-sweetness functions that appear as straight lines in log-log coordinates (see Fig. 6).…”

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confidence: 55%

Ratio scales of acid sourness

Moskowitz

1971

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…It might be thought that the addition of both arachis oil and sugar would produce an especially acceptable mixture, but in fact the two together had only slightly more effect than one separately. Cameron (1947) refers to the depression for sweetening agents of the effects of the taste receptors in man caused by the presence of other, non-sweet stimuli; this may have occurred in our experiments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Experiments on the food preferences of wild rats (Rattus norvegicusBerkenhout)

Barnett¹,

Spencer

1953

J. Hyg.

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1. Colonies of wild Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout were kept in closed rooms containing nesting sites. The conditions permitted breeding.2. Seventy-six experiments, each lasting 6–35 days, were done to test the rats' food preferences. In each experiment except two, a choice was given between two foods, both available in excess. In the two exceptional experiments a choice between three foods was given.3. Although marked preferences were shown, a food was rarely quite rejected in favour of an alternative.4. Among cereals, wholemeal was preferred to wheat grains, but wheat grains were preferred to white flour; little or no white flour was eaten if wholemeal was available. Wheat germ was eaten only in small quantities when an alternative cereal was available, but in larger quantities if the alternative was sugar or a sugar-cereal mixture.5. The addition of sugar or saccharin to cereals increased acceptability; sugar was preferred to saccharin.6. The addition of arachis oil to wholemeal or wheat increased acceptability.7. Cod-liver oil at 2·4 % acted as a deterrent.8. Total calorific intake remained steady over short periods, but over several weeks rose as the mass of the rat colony increased. The higher the mean weight of the rats in a colony, the lower the calorific intake per unit weight of rat.9. The amount of food eaten was partly determined by its calorigenic capacity: in particular, wet foods were eaten in much larger quantities than dry foods.10. The food preferences of wild rats differ in several respects from those of white Rattus norvegicus.11. Apart from palatability or flavour, the main factors influencing food preference were (a) previous experience and probably (b) the nutritional value of the food. The effect of previous experience was often observed when rats, accustomed to one food, gradually changed from the accustomed food to another. The stages of a change to a new food, or the establishment of a particular preference, varied, and are discussed in detail.

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The Taste Sense and the Relative Sweetness of Sugar and Other Sweet Substances

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Studies on Taste Thresholds in Normal Man and in Patients With Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency: The Role of Adrenal Cortical Steroids and of Serum Sodium Concentration

Studies on Taste Thresholds in Normal Man and in Patients With Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency: The Role of Adrenal Cortical Steroids and of Serum Sodium Concentration

Ratio scales of acid sourness

Experiments on the food preferences of wild rats (Rattus norvegicusBerkenhout)

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