The Tear Film: Anatomy and Physiology

Paranjpe, Vikram; Phung, Lam

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25886-3_14

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Similar to humans, the canine upper and lower eyelids are comprised of an outer dermis, tarsus, orbicularis oculi muscle, palpebral conjunctiva and secretory tissues including meibomian glands (20-40 per eyelid), glands of Zeis and Moll. 100,101 The main anatomical difference is the tarsal plate, which is comprised of dense fibrous tissue and cartilage-specific components in humans 102 -providing a rigid internal support to the eyelids-compared to a much thinner and poorly developed fibrous tissue in dogs. 22 Also, the interpalpebral fissure area is approximately 20% larger in dogs (2.2 vs.…”

Section: Eyelidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…149 factors. 101,181 The integrated interactions of these constituents are responsible for the promotion of a stable tear film and, ultimately, the homeostasis of the ocular surface. Species differences in tear film components are summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Tear Film Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tear film is a complex biological fluid containing thousands of compounds of diverse structures and functions, including proteins, lipids and mucins, as well as minor constituents such as electrolytes, vitamins, and growth factors 101,181 . The integrated interactions of these constituents are responsible for the promotion of a stable tear film and, ultimately, the homeostasis of the ocular surface.…”

Section: Comparative Anatomy and Physiology Of The Ocular Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

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An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

Sebbag

Mochel

2020

Medicinal Research Reviews

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Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (i.e., rabbits, mice, and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or noninvasively induced ocular surface disorders (e.g., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).

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Section: Eyelidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tear Film Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparative Anatomy and Physiology Of The Ocular Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

Sebbag

Mochel

2020

Medicinal Research Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The tear film is a complex biological fluid containing thousands of compounds of diverse structures and functions, including proteins, lipids and mucins, as well as minor constituents such as electrolytes, vitamins, and growth factors. 36,142 The integrated interactions of these constituents are responsible for the promotion of a stable tear film and, ultimately, the homeostasis of the ocular surface. Species differences in tear film components are summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Tear Film Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Eye on the Dog as the Scientist’s Best Friend for Translational Research in Ophthalmology: Focus on the Ocular Surface

Sebbag

Mochel

2020

Preprint

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Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (ie., rabbits, mice and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or non-invasively induced ocular surface disorders (eg., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).

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“…The most abundant layer, by volume, is the middle aqueous layer which is secreted by the exocrine lacrimal gland (LG) and contains proteins, oxygen, and nutrients to protect the avascular cornea. 1 , 5 , 6 Decreased LG function can be caused by a wide variety of factors, including aging, 7 certain systemic or ocular medications, 8 , 9 inflammatory conditions, such as dacryoadenitis or dacryocystitis, 10 congenital, 11 or acquired 12 blockage of the nasolacrimal duct, tumor (head and neck) radiotherapy 13 or autoimmune conditions, such as Sjögren's syndrome. 14 The result of aberrant LG function is usually a reduced aqueous component of the tear film.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histochemical Comparison of Human and Rat Lacrimal Glands: Implications for Bio-Engineering Studies

Wood

Chidlow

Halliday

et al. 2022

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether rodent lacrimal glands (LGs) represent a suitable surrogate for human tissue in bio-engineering research, we undertook a meticulous histological and histochemical comparison of these two tissues. Methods Histological techniques and immunohistochemistry were used to compare the structure of adult human and rat LG tissues and the expression of key functional tissue elements. Results Compared with humans, the rat LG is comprised of much more densely packed acini which are devoid of an obvious central lumen. Myoepithelial, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, T cells, and putative progenitor cells are present in both tissues. However, human LG is replete with epithelium expressing cytokeratins 8 and 18, whereas rat LG epithelium does not express cytokeratin 8. Furthermore, human LG expresses aquaporins (AQPs) 1, 3, and 5, whereas rat LG expresses AQPs 1, 4, and 5. Additionally, mast cells were identified in the rat but not the human LGs and large numbers of plasma cells were detected in the human LGs but only limited numbers were present in the rat LGs. Conclusions The cellular composition of the human and rat LGs is similar, although there is a marked difference in the actual histo-architectural arrangement of the tissue. Further variances in the epithelial cytokeratin profile, in tissue expression of AQPs and in mast cell and plasma cell infiltration, may prove significant. Translational Relevance The rat LG can serve as a useful surrogate for the human equivalent, but there exist specific tissue differences meaning that caution must be observed when translating results to patients.

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The Tear Film: Anatomy and Physiology

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

An Eye on the Dog as the Scientist’s Best Friend for Translational Research in Ophthalmology: Focus on the Ocular Surface

Histochemical Comparison of Human and Rat Lacrimal Glands: Implications for Bio-Engineering Studies

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The Tear Film: Anatomy and Physiology

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

An Eye on the Dog as the Scientist&rsquo;s Best Friend for Translational Research in Ophthalmology: Focus on the Ocular Surface

Histochemical Comparison of Human and Rat Lacrimal Glands: Implications for Bio-Engineering Studies

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Product

Resources

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An Eye on the Dog as the Scientist’s Best Friend for Translational Research in Ophthalmology: Focus on the Ocular Surface