The temperature of the Iceland plume and origin of outward-propagating V-shaped ridges

White, R. S.; Bown, Jonathan W.; Smallwood, John R.

doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1995.152.01.26

Cited by 185 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A simple compari son can be made with previous inversions of melt fraction versus depth as calculated by White et al [33]. At the plume center, our broad plume source model (Ice I d) and narrow plume source model (Ice 2d) predict melt fractions that are lower and higher, respectively, than White et al's [33] inversions for Krafla volcano on Iceland (Fig.…”

Section: Rare-earth Element and Isotopic Anomaliessupporting

confidence: 62%

“…In calculating llhc, we assume Airy compensation of the crust with a surface density contrast of (Pc-Pw) for the submarine portion of topography and Pc for the subaerial portion. The crust along the Reykjanes and Kolbeinsey Ridges is assumed to have a density of 2800 kgfm3 except within 500 km of the plume center, where we increase it linearly to a maximum of 3030 kgfm3 at Iceland, to account for the higher MgO content of the Icelandic crust [33]. The mantle contribution to topography , or dynamic topography is calculated from vertical normal stress at the top layer of our model, (15) With this definition, our calculations predict seafloor depths to increase approximately with the square-root of distance from the ridge-axis which is consistent with lithospheric half space cooling models (e.g.…”

Section: Models Of Iceland and The Mid-atlantic Ridgementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mantle plume-midocean ridge interaction : geophysical observations and mantle dynamics

Ito¹

1996

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Section: Rare-earth Element and Isotopic Anomaliessupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Models Of Iceland and The Mid-atlantic Ridgementioning

confidence: 99%

Mantle plume-midocean ridge interaction : geophysical observations and mantle dynamics

Ito¹

1996

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“…The construction of the Iceland basalt plateau is by most considered to be the product of an interaction between a spreading plate boundary and a mantle plume (e.g. Vink, 1984;White et al, 1995;Bjarnason et al, 1996;Wolfe et al, 1997;Allen et al, 1999). The construction is thought to have begun about 24 million years ago (e.g.…”

Section: Geologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Thordarson

Larsen

2007

Journal of Geodynamics

510

454

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The large-scale volcanic lineaments in Iceland are an axial zone, which is delineated by the Reykjanes, West and North Volcanic Zones (RVZ, WVZ, NVZ) and the East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), which is growing in length by propagation to the southwest through pre-existing crust. These zones are connected across central Iceland by the Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB). Other volcanically active areas are the two intraplate belts ofÖraefajökull (ÖVB) and Snaefellsnes (SVB). The principal structure of the volcanic zones are the 30 volcanic systems, where 12 are comprised of a fissure swarm and a central volcano, 7 of a central volcano, 9 of a fissure swarm and a central domain, and 2 are typified by a central domain alone.Volcanism in Iceland is unusually diverse for an oceanic island because of special geological and climatological circumstances. It features nearly all volcano types and eruption styles known on Earth. The first order grouping of volcanoes is in accordance with recurrence of eruptions on the same vent system and is divided into central volcanoes (polygenetic) and basalt volcanoes (monogenetic). The basalt volcanoes are categorized further in accordance with vent geometry (circular or linear), type of vent accumulation, characteristic style of eruption and volcanic environment (i.e. subaerial, subglacial, submarine).Eruptions are broadly grouped into effusive eruptions where >95% of the erupted magma is lava, explosive eruptions if >95% of the erupted magma is tephra (volume calculated as dense rock equivalent, DRE), and mixed eruptions if the ratio of lava to tephra occupy the range in between these two end-members. Although basaltic volcanism dominates, the activity in historical time (i.e. last 11 centuries) features expulsion of basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite magmas that have produced effusive eruptions of Hawaiian and flood lava magnitudes, mixed eruptions featuring phases of Strombolian to Plinian intensities, and explosive phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptions spanning almost the entire intensity scale; from Surtseyan to Phreatoplinian in case of "wet" eruptions and Strombolian to Plinian in terms of "dry" eruptions. In historical time the magma volume extruded by individual eruptions ranges from ∼1 m 3 to ∼20 km 3 DRE, reflecting variable magma compositions, effusion rates and eruption durations.All together 205 eruptive events have been identified in historical time by detailed mapping and dating of events along with extensive research on documentation of eruptions in historical chronicles. Of these 205 events, 192 represent individual eruptions and 13 are classified as "Fires", which include two or more eruptions defining an episode of volcanic activity that lasts for months to years. Of the 159 eruptions verified by identification of their products 124 are explosive, effusive eruptions are 14 and mixed eruptions are 21. Eruptions listed as reported-only are 33. Eight of the Fires are predominantly effusive and the remaining five include explosive activity that produced extensive tephra layers...

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“…Estimates of the T P of the source of Icelandic basalts have been made using rare-earth element inversions [White et al, 1995]. Assuming a peridotite mineralogy, values of ~ 200˚C higher than mid-ocean ridges have been obtained.…”

Section: The North Atlantic Igneous Provincementioning

confidence: 99%

Are ‘hot spots’ hot spots?

Foulger

2012

Journal of Geodynamics

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The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractThe term 'hot spot' emerged in the 1960's from speculations that Hawaii might have its origins in an unusually hot source region in the mantle. It subsequently become widely used to refer to volcanic regions considered to be anomalous in the then-new plate tectonic paradigm. It carried with it the implication that volcanism a) is emplaced by a single, spatially restricted, mongenetic melt-delivery system, assumed to be a mantle plume, and b) that the source is unusually hot. This model has tended to be assumed a priori to be correct. Nevertheless, there are many geological ways of testing it, and a great deal of work has recently been done to do so. Two fundamental problems challenge this work. First is the difficulty of deciding a 'normal' mantle temperature against which to compare estimates. This is usually taken to be the source temperature of midocean ridge basalts (MORB). However, Earth's surface conduction layer is ~ 200 km thick, and such a norm is not appropriate if the lavas under investigation formed deeper than the 40-50 km source depth of MORB. Second, methods for estimating temperature suffer from ambiguity of interpretation with composition and partial melt, controversy regarding how they should be applied, lack of repeatability between studies using the same data, and insufficient precision to detect the 200-300˚C temperature variations postulated. Available methods include multiple seismological and petrological approaches, modelling bathymetry and topography, and measuring heat flow. Investigations have been carried out in many areas postulated to represent either (hot) plume heads or (hotter) tails. These include sections of the mid-ocean spreading ridge postulated to include ridge-centred plumes, the North Atlantic Igneous Province, Iceland, Hawaii, oceanic plateaus, and high-standing continental areas such as the Hoggar swell. Most volcanic regions that may reasonably be considered anomalous in the simple plate-tectonic paradigm have been built by volcanism distributed throughout hundreds, even thousand of kilometres, and as yet no unequivocal evidence has been produced that any of them have high temperature anomalies compared with average mantle temperature for the same (usually unknown) depth elsewhere. Critical investigation of the genesis processes of 'anomalous' volcanic regions would be encouraged if use of the term 'hot spot' were discontinued in favor of one that does not assume a postulated origin, but is a description of unequivocal, observed char...

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The temperature of the Iceland plume and origin of outward-propagating V-shaped ridges

Cited by 185 publications

References 33 publications

Mantle plume-midocean ridge interaction : geophysical observations and mantle dynamics

Mantle plume-midocean ridge interaction : geophysical observations and mantle dynamics

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Are ‘hot spots’ hot spots?

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