The temporal reliability of sound modulates visual detection: An event-related potential study

Thermo‐responsive mixed‐matrix hollow fiber membranes

“…In contrast to this, Lin et al reported fully embedded NP for a similar system but lower viscosity of the dope solution 8 . A higher viscosity might lead to a slowdown of the NIPS process, which is already slower for MMM than for pure PES membranes as shown by Li et al 24 As microgel particles might be washed out when polymer matrix solidification is not fast enough, the ratio of DI‐water (non‐solvent) to NEP (solvent) in the bore fluid for the wet spinning process is crucial to prevent the particles from being washed out of the polymer matrix.…”

“…The switching factors of L15‐1.0 hollow fiber with R = 12 are in the same range as those of comparable MMM flat membranes by Lin et al 8 (R = 13) or Wang et al 23 (R = 9). MMM flat membranes by Li et al 24 and Luo et al 25 prepared via a combination of VIPS and NIPS processes, show significantly higher water permeances (600–26,000 L m −2 h −1 bar −1 ) and switching factors (R = 17–28). For the hollow fiber geometry investigated here, the combination of VIPS and NIPS process could be imitated by spinning with air gap 36 .…”

“…This confirms the findings of the SEM Images. The embedding of PNIPAM particles in the outer PES layer of MMM flat sheet membranes was achieved by Luo et al and Li et al through a combination of VIPS and NIPS process 11,24,25 . In the case of hollow fiber manufacturing, this could be realized by so‐called spinning with air‐gap 36 .…”

“…Chu et al found that the porosity of the membrane surface increases with increasing PNIPAM microgel particle (NP) content 23 . For a similar system Li et al 24 and Luo et al 25 investigated the effects of NP hydrophilicity and fabrication conditions during the NIPS process, respectively. Hydrophilic NPs tend to accumulate at the interface of water and membrane solution, to reduce the interfacial energy and form lager micropores in the resulting membranes.…”

Designable Micro‐/Nano‐Structured Smart Polymeric Materials

“…Generally, smart gating membranes can be fabricated by strategies that incorporate nanoscale stimuli‐responsive gates into the microscale porous structures of membranes during or after the membrane formation. The former strategy usually employs solutions containing membrane‐forming materials and smart gating materials such as stimuli‐responsive copolymers [ 63 ] and nanogels [ 14,15,64–67 ] for membrane formation. During the membrane formation process, the stimuli‐responsive gates are simultaneously formed in the membrane pores via processes such as phase separation and self‐assembly.…”