The terrible twos: How children cope with frustration and tantrums and the effect of maternal and paternal behaviors

Deichmann, Felix; Ahnert, Lieselotte

doi:10.1111/infa.12389

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In both Clusters 1 and 2, children had higher scores of security than in Clusters 3 and 4, even if only the first cluster significantly differed from clusters 3 and 4. Consistently with the study by Deichmann and Ahnert (2021), children in a secure attachment relationship tended to experience frustration for a shorter time compared to children in an insecure attachment relationship. Indeed, the children with high levels of secure attachment would be significantly more likely to fall into the first cluster than in Clusters 3 and 4.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Cassidy, 1994). A recent study by Deichmann and Ahnert (2021) used the Experimental Frustration Procedures to examine toddlers' coping strategies and parents' supportive behaviours and found that children in a secure attachment relationship likely experienced frustration for a shorter period compared to children in an insecure attachment relationship.…”

Section: Sadness Regulation and Associated Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Children experiencing sadness: Coping strategies and attachment relationships

et al. 2022

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This study aimed to explore the events which are sources of sadness for children, and their coping strategies for overcoming their sadness according to their attachment security. We expected that distinct clusters would emerge, with securely attached children more likely showing constructive and successful coping strategies than insecurely attached children. Middle-class children (N = 191) aged 7-11 years old from four private elementary schools were asked to talk about a sad event they experienced using open-ended questions from the Sadness Interview. The answers were coded into different categories of sad events and associated coping strategies. Finally, children were assessed on their security attachment using the Security Scale. Cluster analyses identified a four-cluster solution. Children in the Clusters 1 and 2 were characterized by a perceived successful constructive coping strategy while describing minor events (in the first Cluster), and very painful events (in the second). Furthermore, in the third Cluster children overcame sad events using a perceived successful disengagement coping strategy, whereas children in the fourth Cluster are characterized by perceived unresolved sadness. ANCOVA testing showed that children in the first cluster had significantly higher attachment security compared to Clusters 3 and 4, which did not significantly differ from each other. The study of sadness in children may be particularly informative for clinicians and educators for understanding and supporting children's strategies of sadness management while considering the influence of their attachment relationships on their ability to cope with sadness.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Sadness Regulation and Associated Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children experiencing sadness: Coping strategies and attachment relationships

et al. 2022

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“…Dessa forma, a criança apresenta-se resistente às interferências que atuam contra seus desejos. Essa oposição generalizada caracteriza uma transição da fase de dependência de bebê para a autonomia e iniciativa, comum as crianças desta idade (CÓRIA-SABINI, 1997;DEICHMANN;AHNERT, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Sendo assim, são apresentadas às normas e regras sociais basicamente através de reforço e punição de seus pais. Partindo deste processo de modelagem, a relação entre pais e filhos resulta em padrões de comportamento baseados em resposta e consequência (BERRYMAN;et al, 2002;DEICHMANN;AHNERT, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Mapeamento do comportamento parental diante da birra infantil

Prado

Silva-Neto

Duarte

et al. 2022

CLIUM

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Crianças podem apresentar comportamento intolerante diante de frustrações, dificuldade em cooperar e respeitar diretrizes ou tolerar desconforto diante de restrições externas. Geralmente, pais ou familiares próximos são permissivos ou tolerantes excessivamente, e, comumente evitam estabelecer limites adequados. A presente pesquisa buscou identificar as variáveis dos comportamentos dos pais que influenciam os comportamentos de birra dos filhos. Foi realizada pesquisa quantitativa por meio de questionário com 100 pais com filho único em idade pré-escolar de 2 a 6 anos no Distrito Federal. Os resultados mostraram que 14% dos pais discordam que é importante não fazer tudo que os filhos querem, 39% evitam ao máximo que seus filhos sofram frustração, 27% acreditam que birra é coisa de criança e passa com o tempo e 10% assumiram que cedem às vontades dos filhos. Conclui-se que evitar que o filho sofra frustração é algo presente na vida dos pais pesquisados. Há a necessidade de orientação especializada para a modificação dos comportamentos permissivos dos pais para diminuir os comportamentos de birra dos filhos na busca de um ambiente com relações saudáveis para desenvolvimento da criança.

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“…In contrast, joint play activities foremost challenge children's mental and language skills (e.g., Teufl et al., 2020), support child exploration (Grossmann et al., 2002), and regulate emotions when the child copes with frustration (e.g. Deichmann & Ahnert, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fathering behavior, attachment, and engagement in childcare predict testosterone and cortisol

Ahnert

Deichmann

Bauer

et al. 2021

Developmental Psychobiology

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The present study examined testosterone (T) and cortisol (Cort) in fathers engaged with caregiving. We collected saliva samples in the mornings and evenings of two consecutive days in 150 fathers of 1‐ to 5‐year‐old children. Fathers completed questionnaires on socioeconomic status, family structure and life, sleep characteristics and body mass index (BMI), and reported on their engagement in childcare. Fathers used smartphone‐based experience sampling throughout 1 week to sample ongoing activities with their children, including times of supervision, joint play, rough‐and‐tumble play, and cuddling episodes. External observers rated father–child attachment during a home visit. We began by testing for widely characterized covariates of T and excluded seasonal variations and known predictors associated with lowered T, such as older fathers and those with multiple and young children, lower BMI, shorter sleep duration, and sexual activity before sampling. Most interestingly, however, fathers’ engagement in childcare and attachment to the child appeared more pronounced the greater the diurnal decline in T. Cuddling predicted a similar negative association, whereas joint play and rough‐and‐tumble play (RTP) showed enhancing effects on declining T. Interestingly, all fathering behaviors (except RTP) were positively related to lower Cort. In contrast, supervision was ineffective on both Cort and T.

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The terrible twos: How children cope with frustration and tantrums and the effect of maternal and paternal behaviors

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Cited by 17 publications

References 61 publications

Children experiencing sadness: Coping strategies and attachment relationships

Children experiencing sadness: Coping strategies and attachment relationships

Mapeamento do comportamento parental diante da birra infantil

Fathering behavior, attachment, and engagement in childcare predict testosterone and cortisol

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