The territoriality, vocalizations and aggressive interactions of the red-spotted glassfrog,Nymphargus grandisonae, Cochran and Goin, 1970 (Anura: Centrolenidae)

Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture

“…Call parameter definitions follow Hutter et al . () and references therein. Relevant call parameters used for this study are: call amplitude type (tonal or pulsed), number of calls per series, series duration (ms), series interval (ms), call duration (ms), interval between calls (s), pulses rate (/ms), call envelope (time of peak amplitude/call duration), dominant frequency, frequency modulation, lower and higher fundamental frequencies, and 1st harmonic and 2nd harmonic frequencies.…”

Molecular phylogeny of stream treefrogs (Hylidae:Hyloscirtus bogotensisGroup), with a new species from the Andes of Ecuador

“…Call parameter definitions follow Hutter et al [36] (Table 1), and we chose the following relevant parameters: (1) note amplitude type (tonal or pulsed); (2) call duration (ms); (3) note interval (s); (4) number of notes per call; (5) note duration (ms); (6) note rate (/ms); (7) pulse rate (/ms); (8) peak of dominant frequency (Hz); (9) dominant and/or fundamental frequency (Hz) lower and upper bounds; (10) frequency modulation (Hz); and (11) first harmonic frequency (Hz). Measures are reported as the range followed by the mean ± two standard deviations from the mean.…”

Cryptic diversity concealed in the Andean cloud forests: two new species of rainfrogs (Pristimantis) uncovered by molecular and bioacoustic data

“…Call parameter definitions follow those of Hutter et al [53] (Table 1); the following relevant parameters were selected: (1) note amplitude type (pulsed or tonal); (2) call arrangement type (singular or series); (3) series duration (ms); (4) series interval (s); (5) series rate (/s); (6) number of calls/series; (7) call duration (ms); (8) call rate (/s); (9) interval between calls (ms); (10) number of pulses; (11) pulse rate (/ms); (12) call envelope shape (time at peak amplitude divided by call duration); (13) dominant frequency (Hz); (14) fundamental frequency (Hz); (15) frequency modulation (Hz); and (16) first harmonic frequency (Hz). Measures are reported as the range followed by the mean ± two standard deviations from the mean.…”

“…insects, stream noise, rain) using a band-pass filter set to 2000-4000 Hz (removes sound that generates frequencies outside the species' frequency range); (2) target calls are located in the filtered audio file by recording the start time of each amplitude increase above a 5% threshold; (3) each call identified is vetted to ensure that it was a call of the target species and not other sounds; (4) each individual call is normalized to a relative scale to remove the effects of amplitude variation between calls; (5) using the call start times and the original recordings, each call is saved as an unfiltered file; (6) the separated calls are analyzed using various functions (for the call parameters above) available in SEEWAVE; and (7) significant outliers falling outside the 95% confidence intervals of the measurement data are inspected manually to ensure accurate measurement. To test the accuracy of this method, we used a prior data-set [53] based on manual measurement and found the results to be generally the same. Digital recordings are deposited at MZUTI and KU and are available upon request.…”