No abstract

Glassfrogs (family Centrolenidae) are a charismatic group that currently contains about 149 species biogeographically restricted to the Neotropics (Frost 2013). The advertisement call and tadpole has been described for less than 25% glassfrog species, 32 and 35 species respectively (e.g. Márquez et al. 1996; Ospina-Sarria et al. 2011). Centrolene savagei (Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch 1991; Fig. 1) is a species of relatively small size frogs (mean snout-vent length, SVL, females: 23.6 mm, males: 21.1 mm) occurring in both the Western and Central Andes (Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Central) of Colombia, between 1400-2410 m a.s.l. (Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch 1991; Rojas-Morales et al. 2011). Although there is some information regarding egg attendance and natural history of C. savagei (Vargas-Salinas et al. 2007), neither the advertisement call or the larval morphology have been described. This study was performed at three localities in Colombia. First, the Reserva Forestal Bosque de Yotoco, Western Andes (Cordillera Occidental), Valle del Cauca (03°53′18″N, 76°20′05″W; hereafter Yotoco); 1200-1600 m a.s.l.; annual precipitation and temperature mean 1100 mm and 22°C, respectively (Escobar 2001). Second, a remnant of riparian forest in the municipality of Filandia, Central Andes (Cordillera Central), Quindío (04°42′N, 75°38′W; hereafter Filandia); 1880 m a.s.l.; annual precipitation and temperature mean 2515 mm and 17°C (Mendoza et al. 2007). Third, Alto Bonito-El Aguila, encompassed by the vereda Alto Bonito (05°07′27″N, 75°29′57″W) and the vereda El Águila (05°06′27″N, 75°29′30″W); municipality of Manizales, western slope of the Central Andes; 1950 and 2050 m a.s.l.; annual precipitation and temperature mean 2600 mm and 18°C (Corpocaldas 2002). Advertisement calls were recorded at all localities and tadpoles were collected only in Filandia. Advertisement call. We recorded advertisement calls during one field trip to Yotoco (20-23 March 2009) and one to Filandia (5-7 April 2009). We positioned a unidirectional microphone (Shure B.G 4.1) connected to a digital recorder (Marantz PMD660) at 50-80 cm in front of a calling male. We recorded body temperature with an infrared thermometer Oakton Series 35629-00, captured the recorded individual and measured its body size (SVL) with a digital caliper. In Alto Bonito-Águila we recorded advertisement calls between October 2008−January 2011 using a shotgun microphone (Sennheiser ME64) connected to a digital recorder (Marantz PMD660). The microphone

No abstract

The European Union Agency for Railways is an European authority, tasked with the provision of a legal and technical framework to support harmonized and safe cross-border railway operations throughout the EU. So far, the agency relied on traditional application-centric approaches to support the data exchange among multiple actors interacting within the railway domain. This lead however, to isolated digital environments that consequently added barriers to digital interoperability while increasing the cost of maintenance and innovation. In this work, we show how Semantic Web technologies are leveraged to create a semantic layer for data integration across the base registries maintained by the agency. We validate the usefulness of this approach by supporting route compatibility checks, a highly demanded use case in this domain, which was not available over the agency's registries before. Our contributions include (i) an official ontology for the railway infrastructure and authorized vehicle types, including 28 reference datasets; (ii) a reusable Knowledge Graph describing the European railway infrastructure; (iii) a cost-efficient system architecture that enables high-flexibility for use case development; and (iv) an open source and RDF native Web application to support route compatibility checks. This work demonstrates how data-centric system design, powered by Semantic Web technologies and Linked Data principles, provides a framework to achieve data interoperability and unlock new and innovative use cases and applications. Based on the results obtained during this work, ERA officially decided to make Semantic Web and Linked Data-based approaches, the default setting for any future development of the data, registers and specifications under the agency's remit for data exchange mandated by the EU legal framework. The next steps, which are already underway, include further developing and bringing these solutions to a production-ready state.