The third dimension in facial rejuvenation: a review

Abstract

For optimal facial rejuvenation, the accepted surgical techniques of skin lifting and tightening could be combined with volumizing devices, thereby addressing ptosis, lines, folds, and volume loss.

Use of Ultrasound to Provide Overall Information on Facial Fillers and Surrounding Tissue

“…In current clinical practice, rejuvenation of the face with soft tissue fillers is increasingly shifting from treating single lines and wrinkles toward volume restoration and filling of larger facial areas to enhance facial appearance 1–3 . Similarly, there is a shift from volumetric correction of the dermis or subcutaneous layers toward injections at a deeper muscular and supraperiosteal level 4…”

Fractional Ablative Resurfacing

“…Much attention has been devoted recently to the multiple factors that contribute to facial aging. The former paradigm that gravity is the main contributor to skin laxity and an "aged" appearance has given way to new discovery that fat atrophy and bone resorption, particularly in the lower face, creates not only skin laxity but also a volume-loss phenomenon [35][36][37]. This being the case, one would be remiss not to address this loss of volume when undertaking facial rejuvenation.…”

Determination of modification degree in BDDE-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogel by SEC/MS

“…If free HA was used as a dermal filler, it would be rapidly eliminated from the injection site by drainage or degradation pathways (Tezel & Fredrickson, 2008). Natural HA therefore is chemical modified by cross-linkers to improve the mechanical properties and prolong its duration in vivo (Fakhari & Berkland, 2013;Varma, Gold, Taub, & Nicoll, 2014;Donofrio & Weinkle, 2006;Wollina & Goldman, 2011;Kablik, Monheit, Yu, Chang, & Gershkovich, 2009;Kuo, 2006;Edsman, Nord, Ohrlund, Larkner, & Kenne, 2012). The modification creates a polymer network, transforming a viscous solution to a weak gel.…”