The Thyroid

RALL, J.E.; Robbins, Jacob; LEWALLEN, C.G.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2851-8.50011-3

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1,578 publications

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“…The control over general metabolic rate and heat production in man and other adult homoeothermic vertebrates is perhaps the best known property of thyroid hormones (Gorbman, 1959;Pitt-Rivers & Tata, 1959; Whaley, Hart & Klitgaard, 1959; Barrington, 1963;Rall, Robbins & Lewalen, 1964) although the mode and pathways of action of the hormones are still the subject of discussion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of Tirri et al (1968) are in conflict with the previous ones, since they demonstrate a marked metabolic effect of thyroxine in 5-and 8-dayold rats even at low ambient and body temperatures. All the authors mentioned measured the rate of oxygen consumption no earlier than 24 hr after thyroxine administration, because of the generally accepted idea of the 'latent period' of its action on the metabolic rate (Swanson, 1956;Pitt-Rivers & Tata, 1959;Turakulov, 1959;Rall et al 1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The development of the metabolic response to thyroxine in the new‐born pig

Kaciuba-Uściłko¹,

Legge²,

Mount³

1970

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Rectal temperature and the rate of oxygen consumption in the newborn pig were measured following the subcutaneous injection of Lthyroxine.2. Thyroxine stimulated oxygen consumption during the post-natal period; both immediate and latent increases were observed.3. The immediate effect occurred after thyroxine, 80 Fig/kg, in suckled pigs aged 1-11 days; it was most marked at about 1-4 days of age with a peak increase (20 %) in oxygen consumption and a rise in rectal temperature at about 4 hr following the injection.4. The peak increase (30 %) in oxygen consumption associated with the latent effect of three successive daily injections of thyroxine, 300 fig/kg, occurred at 5-7 days of age, whether the pigs were first injected at 1 or at 4 days of age.5. It is concluded that there is a high sensitivity to thyroxine in the pig during the first week after birth, when the hormone is not bound to plasma proteins to the same degree as in the older animal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of the metabolic response to thyroxine in the new‐born pig

Kaciuba-Uściłko¹,

Legge²,

Mount³

1970

The Journal of Physiology

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“…However, this is not legitimate to describe the kinetics of very high doses of stable iodine as used for iodine blockade, as the administration of 100 mg iodine in the extracellular space will result in an initial concentration of 49 µmol/l exceeding the Km value of the carrier. That's why for our simulations, we used a mechanistic approach and integrated in our model an active carrier transport described by Michaelis-Menten-kinetics [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A valid compartmental model requires an adequate structure and correct parameters describing exchange processes between the compartments. For the iodine membrane carrier in mouse, rat and sheep thyroids K m values of 2-4 * 10 -5 µmol/l have been described [40] and it seems that for varying stimulations by TSH the K m values remain constant. For the human iodine carrier in the thyroid lower K m values have been given (9 * 10 -6 µmol/l) [24] and that is the value we used in our models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2019

Drug Res (Stuttg)

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In the case of nuclear incidents, radioiodine may be liberated. After incorporation it accumulates in the thyroid and by internal irradiation enhances the risk of cancer occurrence. By administering a large dose of non-radioactive iodine the uptake of radioiodine into the gland can be inhibited ("iodine blockade"). Biokinetic models using first order kinetics are not suited to simulate iodine blockade, as the uptake into the gland is mediated by a saturable active transport. Therefore, we integrated an uptake mechanism described by a Michaelis-Menten kinetic into a simple ICRP biokinetic model. We moreover added a total uptake blocking mechanism representing the Wolff-Chaikoff effect becoming active when the gland is saturated with iodine. The validity of the model was ascertained by comparison with IMBA software. The competition of radioiodine and stable iodine at the membrane carrier site was modeled according to the rate law for monomolecular reactions for competing substrates. Our simulations show that competition for the uptake at the membrane carrier site accounts for about 60 % and the saturation of the gland with iodine for over 35 % of the total protective efficacy that exceeds 95 %. Following acute radioiodine exposure, it is preferable to administer a single large dose of stable iodine. In the case of continuous radioiodine exposure, a single dose of stable iodine is less effective than after an acute exposure and splitting the total available dose and shortening the dosage intervals enhance efficacy. Model-based simulations may be a useful tool to develop antidote dosage schemes for uncommon emergencies.

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“…The nature of the iodine compounds in blood has been reviewed by Rall, Robbins & Lewallen (1964), who have drawn attention also to the lack of information about the nature of the iodine compounds in fluid other than blood. Triiodothyronine has been found to be associated with thyroxine in blood (Pitt-Rivers & Rall, 1961); we, however, failed to find it in our samples of thyroid lymph.…”

Section: Lymphatic Outflow From the Thyroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lymphatic and venous pathways for the outflow of thyroxine, iodoprotein and inorganic iodide from the thyroid gland

Daniel¹,

Plaskett²,

Pratt³

1967

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Baboons and cats were given radioactive iodine and, at varying times after the injection, samples of thyroid and non-thyroid lymph and of thyroid venous and peripheral venous blood were collected. The radioactive material in these samples was separated by paper chromatography or by differential precipitation and solvent extraction into three main fractions: inorganic iodide, iodoamino acid iodine and high molecularweight material (retained at the origin of chromatograms and not extractable by butanol or ethanol). The latter was considered to be iodoprotein.2. Thyroxine was the main component of the radioactive iodoamino acid iodine in thyroid lymph, in thyroid venous and in peripheral blood. The concentration of thyroxine radioactivity in the thyroid lymph was several times greater than that in either thyroid venous or peripheral blood plasma, both before and after giving thyroid stimulating hormone.3. An unidentified thyronine compound that was frequently found in thyroid lymph and also in blood samples contained an appreciable proportion of the radioactive iodine. This substance was probably a metabolite of one of the iodothyronines. In addition, iodotyrosines probably accounted for up to 4 % of the radioactivity in the lymph and blood samples but radioactive triiodothyronine could not be detected with certainty.4. In some experiments lymph was obtained from the cervical lymph trunk at a considerable distance from the thyroid gland, in order to avoid operative trauma to the gland. This cervical lymph contained diluted thyroid lymph but even so it contained more radioactivity in the form of iodoamino acid and iodoprotein than did peripheral blood or non-thyroid * Present address: Brooke Bond Research Laboratories, Blounts Court, Sonning Common, Reading, Berks. 26 P. M. DANIEL, L. G. PLASKETT AND 0. E. PRATT lymph. Cervical lymph and thyroid lymph both contained less radioactive inorganic iodide than did non-thyroid lymph.5. The administration of thyroid stimulating hormone caused a prolonged rise in the output of radioactive iodoamino acid in the thyroid venous blood and, for a limited period, an increase in the output of radioactive inorganic iodide. At the same time there was an increase in the output of radioactive material in the thyroid lymph. The main part of the latter was due to a rise in the output of iodoprotein.6. The lymphatics and the venous system provide alternative pathways for the outflow of iodine compounds from the thyroid gland. These pathways differ in relative importance for different iodine compounds. For iodoprotein the lymphatic pathway is the important one since there is no appreciable release of this substance into the thyroid venous blood. In the case of inorganic iodide, where there is no appreciable difference in concentration between thyroid lymph and blood, the greater flow of blood makes the venous pathway relatively more important than the lymphatic one. Thyroxine is released into the thyroid lymph in higher concentration than into the blood but the faster flow of blo...

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The Thyroid

Cited by 5 publications

References 1,578 publications

The development of the metabolic response to thyroxine in the new‐born pig

The development of the metabolic response to thyroxine in the new‐born pig

Untitled

The lymphatic and venous pathways for the outflow of thyroxine, iodoprotein and inorganic iodide from the thyroid gland

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