“…Over the past decade, self-aligned TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs) grown on titanium have been extensively developed in environmental protection, photocatalysis [ [6] , [7] , [8] ], sensors [ 9 , 10 ], dye-sensitized solar cells [ 11 , 12 ], and biomedical applications [ [13] , [14] , [15] ] owing to their superior high-specific surface area, specific ion intercalation properties, photocatalysis property, and cost-effective synthesis. In particular, the terrific biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and size controllable properties of TNTs make them promising for biomedical applications, such as orthopedic/dental implants [ 16 , 17 ], blood contact materials [ 18 ], anti-microbial application [ 19 , 20 ], and drug delivery [ 21 , 22 ].…”