The time-dependent swelling of argillaceous rock under resaturated conditions

Wang, L.L.; Yang, Rongwei; Chanchole, S.; Zhang, Guangqing

doi:10.1016/j.clay.2017.05.041

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…We have measured differential swelling for two different shale types, the Pomeranian and the Green River shales. This type of high resolution differential shale swelling experiments shows some similarity to the experiments performed by Wang et al (2017). They investigated lateral swelling in clay rocks as a result of exposure to varying air humidity using electron microscopy.…”

Section: Dynamics Of Heterogeneous Deformation In Shalesupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Assuming the surface can be imaged without a coating, electron microscopy provides equal or higher lateral resolution (Wang et al, 2017), but it cannot provide high resolution data of any vertical deformation and has more limitations for the type and pressure of swelling-inducing medium to use. An easy improvement to the setup presented here would be the addition of carefully volume-calibrated pressure vessels, include an access to vacuum, and add a precise thermocouple.…”

Section: Advantages and Limitations Of The Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relatively large field of view (626 × 426 µm) combined with the high vertical resolution provides a huge advantage in comparison to the current techniques which can measure dynamic surface processes. It combines the vertical resolution of SEM measurements of local swelling in mudrocks (Wang et al, 2017) and the large lateral extent of measurements of camera observations of coal swelling (Day et al, 2008).…”

Section: Vertical Resolution Of a Time-seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The competition between swelling, fracturing and permanent CO 2 storage determines the final suitability of a CO 2 storage site versus the use of CO 2 as a fracturing fluid. Note that the heterogeneous swelling behavior of shale has been demonstrated using electron microscopy and exposure to different humidity levels (Wang et al, 2017), but high resolution measurements using CO 2 are lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A high resolution interferometric method to measure local swelling due to CO2 exposure in coal and shale

Pluymakers

Liu

Köhler

et al. 2018

International Journal of Coal Geology

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We present an experimental method to study time-dependent, CO 2-induced, local topography changes in mm-sized composite samples, plus results showing heterogeneous swelling of coal and shale on the nano-to micrometer scale. These results were obtained using high resolution interferometry measurements of sample topography, combined with a new type of experimental microfluidic device. This device is a custom-built pressure vessel, which can contain any impermeable sample type and can be placed under any microscope. The pressure vessel itself has been tested to handle pressures up to 100 bar at room temperature conditions. For the experiments reported here we used three sample types: i) epoxy and dolomite, ii) coal, epoxy and dolomite and iii) shale. These model systems (thicknesses between 2-10 mm) were exposed to pressurized CO 2 (20-35 bars) and subsequently deformation over time was monitored with a white light interferometer. This provided a lateral spatial resolution of 979 nm and a vertical spatial resolution of 200 nm, i.e. sufficient resolution so that coal and shale constituents can be tracked individually. Within 72 hours epoxy swells homogeneously up to 11 µm, coal swells 4±1 µm and dolomite is unreactive with the dry CO 2 injected here, and as such is used as a reference surface. The differential swelling of coal can be correlated in space with the macerals, where macerals with an initial higher topography (interpreted to be related to hardness) swell more. The average or bulk swelling exhibits an approximate t ½ relation, indicative of diffusion-controlled adsorption of CO 2 on the organic matter. Measurements of the differential swelling of both shale samples enabled tracking of individual patches of organic matter within the shale (max. 20 × 20 µm). These patches exhibit finite swelling of on average 250 nm in 4 hours (in the Pomeranian shale) and 850 µm in 20 hours (in the Green River shale), where total swelling is assumed to be related to the volume of the patches of organic matter.

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Section: Dynamics Of Heterogeneous Deformation In Shalesupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Advantages and Limitations Of The Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vertical Resolution Of a Time-seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A high resolution interferometric method to measure local swelling due to CO2 exposure in coal and shale

Pluymakers

Liu

Köhler

et al. 2018

International Journal of Coal Geology

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“…The fractures, especially within 4-8 mdeep surrounding rock, remained extremely developed after 3 m-deep and 8 m-deep holes postgrouting with cement ( Figures 13 and 14). The borehole image monitoring results indicated that the groutability of the cement-matrix grout materials was extremely poor in the argillaceous rock containing substantial amounts of clay minerals, due to their low permeability and self-sealing properties, as argillaceous rock swells when it meets water, thus closing fractures [29][30][31]. The common cement-matrix grout can only penetrate fractures of pores wider than 0.1 mm due to its large particle size [32].…”

Section: Poor Engineering Performance Of Rock Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Deep Underground Openings through Large Fault Zones in Argillaceous Rock

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The stability of underground openings is pivotal to sustainable safe mining in underground coal mines. To determine the stability and tunneling safety issues in 800-m-deep underground openings through large fault zones in argillaceous rocks in the Guqiao Coal Mine in East China, the pilot industrial test, laboratory experimentation, and field measurements were used to analyze the large deformations and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock, the influence factors of safe excavation and stability of underground openings, and to study the stability control countermeasures. The main factors influencing the stability and tunneling safety include large fault zones, high in situ stress, poor mechanical properties and engineering performance of the argillaceous rock mass, groundwater inrush and gas outburst. According to the field study, the anchor-ability of cables and the groutability of cement-matrix materials in the argillaceous rock in the large fault zones were extremely poor, and deformations and failure of the surrounding rock were characterized by dramatic initial deformation, high long-term creep rate, obviously asymmetric deformations and failure, rebound of roof displacements, overall loosened deformations of deep surrounding rock on a large scale, and high sensitivity to engineering disturbance and water immersion. Various geo-hazards occurred during the pilot excavation, including roof collapse, groundwater inrush, and debris flow. Control techniques are proposed and should be adopted to ensure tunneling safety and to control the stability of deep underground openings through large fault zones, including regional strata reinforcement technique such as ground surface pre-grouting, primary enhanced control measures, floor grouting reinforcement technique, and secondary enclosed support measures for long-term stability, which are critical for ensuring the sustainable development of the coal mine.

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Influences of structural anisotropy and heterogeneity on three-dimensional strain fields and cracking patterns of a clay-rich rock

et al. 2021

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The time-dependent swelling of argillaceous rock under resaturated conditions

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

A high resolution interferometric method to measure local swelling due to CO2 exposure in coal and shale

A high resolution interferometric method to measure local swelling due to CO2 exposure in coal and shale

Stability of Deep Underground Openings through Large Fault Zones in Argillaceous Rock

Influences of structural anisotropy and heterogeneity on three-dimensional strain fields and cracking patterns of a clay-rich rock

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