The time use pattern and labour supply of the left behind spouse and children in rural China

Hao, Xu

doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.10.010

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Generally speaking, parental migration has positive and negative effects on the education of LBC. On the one hand, remittances from migrants can exert an “income” effect: remittances not only ease household budget constraints and reduce the working hours of LBC (Acosta, ; Amuedo‐Dorantes, Georges, & Pozo, ; Bansak & Chezum, ; Kandel & Kao, ; Xu, ) but increase enrollment rates and household spending on education (Alcaraz, Chiquiar, & Salcedo, ; Amuedo‐Dorantes & Pozo, ; Calero, Arjun, & Robert, ; Edwards & Ureta, ; Hu, ; Lu, ; Özden & Schiff, ). On the other hand, the parental absence has a “substitution” effect that can offset the positive influence of remittances.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exports and left‐behind children: Empirical evidence from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey

Chen

Tao

2019

Rev International Economics

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The opportunity for jobs and high wages induced by exports have attracted rural laborers in China to work in the cities temporarily, and some parents must leave behind their children in rural areas, called left-behind children (LBC).Notably, the cause of LBC has not been investigated carefully. In this study, we combine the 2010 to 2015 Chinese trade data with the data from the 2010 to 2015 China Migrants Dynamic Survey(CMDS) to identify LBC based on the young children of migrants not living with their parents in the cities, and empirically test the effects of exports on LBC. The results show that under the same income level and other circumstances, the increase in export dependency significantly increases the probability of the migrants' young children becoming LBC. We construct an instrumental variable to manage the potential endogeneity problems and conduct many other robustness checks, and all the results are consistent. We also examine the heterogeneous effects of exports on LBC and observe that migrants with low income, low education, rural hukou (area of origin) status, and in manufacturing sectors are more vulnerable to exports.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exports and left‐behind children: Empirical evidence from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey

Chen

Tao

2019

Rev International Economics

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“…Several prior studies have examined the impact of lost labor or remittances on rural women's time allocation Démurger and Li, 2013;Mu and van de Walle, 2011;Su et al, 2016;Xu, 2017), although the findings are inconclusive. Some found no impact of household members' out-migration on the left-behind women's time use (Su et al, 2016;Xu, 2017), while others discovered that living in a household with an out-migrant was associated with increased labor hours on the farm Démurger and Li, 2013). Chapter 3 utilizes the new economics of labor migration theory to predict the impact of out-migration on left-behind women's time allocation.…”

Section: New Economics Of Labor Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much scholarship has concentrated on these internal rural-tourban migrants, studying their earning opportunity, social integration, and well-being in their migration destinations (Fan, 2008). Rural women are often left behind by their husbands or other family members (Fan, 2008;Mu and van de Walle, 2011;Xu, 2017). The influence of family members' out-migration on women who stayed behind remains unclear.…”

Section: ) To What Extent Can This Change Be Explained By the Interplay Between Privatization Economic Development And (Changes In) Indivmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the out-migration of a household member tied women to farm work, then the left-behind women accordingly increased hours working on the farm and reduced hours spent on off-farm activities. A few prior studies have investigated the existence of such an impact Démurger and Li, 2013;Su et al, 2016;Xu, 2017). The findings are inconclusive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The findings are inconclusive. Some found no impact of household members' out-migration on the left-behind women's time use (Su et al, 2016;Xu, 2017), while others discovered that living in a household with an out-migrant was associated with more hours working on the farm Démurger and Li, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Women and work in contemporary China. The effect of market transition on women's employment, earnings, and status attainment

Kong¹

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Xiangqi was born in 1963, two years after the Great Famine, in a Chinese village. She lived in a rural house with her parents and her younger brother. From a young age, she shared household chores with her mother. Every day, she woke up before the sunrise, fed the pigs and the chicken, made breakfast, and prepared for school. Growing up, she remembers constantly being hungry and looking for things to eat. After primary school, she was accepted into a township-level secondary school and then a high school, where she was among the top students.In 1980, three years after the restoration of China's higher education system, Xiangqi took the national college entrance exam. Only one student from her school passed the exam; she did not. Therefore, she started to work. As a high school graduate, she was assigned to a collectively owned department store in town working as a clerk. Ten years later, when she was 27, she got married, and one year later, her daughter was born. The department store provided Xiangqi and her family a small one-bedroom apartment. She took care of the child mostly by herself while working full-time, and it was challenging.Her husband was rarely home; he was busy riding his motorcycle from place to place, discussing business with other people. When her child was nine, the family purchased an apartment in the city. In 2001, they moved to the city and transferred her child to a better school there. Shortly thereafter, her husband and she discussed whether she should stop working. Xiangqi felt that her child needed care, that the department store was not well run, and that she would be laid off soon. She applied for early retirement with no compensation and stopped working. The department store disappeared a few years after they moved, as did the small one-bedroom apartment.Xiangqi is my mother. Her life trajectory resembles what many Chinese women have experienced. Table 1.1 provides an overview of important historical events that have occurred in China. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was established. The era after the establishment of China can be divided into a period of high socialism and a period of reform. The period of high socialism was between 1949 and 1977, when all resources, such as land and labor, were organized and redistributed by the government. All Socialist countries, including China, interpreted women's emancipation in the same way, according to Marxism. Women's work outside of the household was thought to be essential to their liberation. Therefore, the state made great efforts to ensure gender equality in the public sphere in China. For example, policies on labor rights and "equal work, equal pay" were implemented, and gender equality propaganda was widespread. Infrastructures, such as public childcare facilities, were built to enable women to work full-time. Both men and women were assigned to jobs, and differences in wages and wealth among people were minimal. As a consequence, the labor force participation rate of women in China, as well 2 Throughout this dissertation, ...

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The urbanization-household gender inequality nexus: Evidence from time allocation in China

Bruin

Liu

2020

China Economic Review

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The time use pattern and labour supply of the left behind spouse and children in rural China

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Exports and left‐behind children: Empirical evidence from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey

Exports and left‐behind children: Empirical evidence from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey

Women and work in contemporary China. The effect of market transition on women's employment, earnings, and status attainment

The urbanization-household gender inequality nexus: Evidence from time allocation in China

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