The Timing of Pediatric Immunization and the Risk of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Classen, David C.; Classen, John Barthelow

doi:10.1097/00019048-199706070-00007

Cited by 64 publications

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“…In a prior report we showed a rise in the incidence of IDDM in New Zealand following a massive hepatitis B vaccine program [3,10]. Following the introduction of routine hepatitis B immunization in New Zealand, many additional countries began routine hepatitis B immunization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clusters of IDDM have also occurred 24 to 48 months following vaccination with several other vaccines including the pertussis and MMR vaccine [2]. The hepatitis b vaccine has been linked to a rise in IDDM in New Zealand [3]. An attempt was made to determine if an rise of IDDM occurred in other areas following the introduction of the hepatitis B vaccine and if the rise was consistent with the clustering seen with other vaccines.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clustering of Cases of IDDM 2 to 4 Years after Hepatitis B Immunization is Consistent with Clustering after Infections and Progression to IDDM in Autoantibody Positive Individuals

Classen¹

2008

TOPEDJ

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Abstract:Background: Previous studies demonstrated clusters of cases of IDDM occurring 24 to 48 months after immunization with the hemophilus, pertussis and combined measles mumps rubella vaccines. Data was analyzed to determine if similar clustering of cases of IDDM occurred after immunization with the hepatitis B vaccine. Methods: Data on the incidence of IDDM from hepatitis B immunized and unimmunized cohorts of children was analyzed for the presence of clusters occurring after hepatitis B immunization. Results: Data from Italy, France, and New Zealand indicated rises in the incidence of IDDM occurred between 24 to 48 months after the introduction of the hepatitis B immunization in young children. Conclusion: Several different vaccines as well as infections with natural mumps virus are followed by clusters of cases of IDDM that occur about 24 to 48 months after immunization. This suggests a similar mechanism of action, possibly the triggering of a progressive autoimmune phenomenon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering of Cases of IDDM 2 to 4 Years after Hepatitis B Immunization is Consistent with Clustering after Infections and Progression to IDDM in Autoantibody Positive Individuals

Classen¹

2008

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“…Supposedly, any vaccination after 2 months age increases the risk of type 1 diabetes but if practiced in the first month of life, it protects against type 1 diabetes [53,54].…”

Section: Influenza Vaccine and Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination and autoimmune diseases: is prevention of adverse health effects on the horizon?

et al. 2017

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Autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus, affect about 5% of the worldwide population. In the last decade, reports have accumulated on various autoimmune disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, myopericarditis, primary ovarian failure, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), following vaccination. In this review, we discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of autoimmune reactions following vaccinations and review cases of autoimmune diseases that have been correlated with vaccination. Molecular mimicry and bystander activation are reported as possible mechanisms by which vaccines can cause autoimmune reactions. The individuals who might be susceptible to develop these reactions could be especially not only those with previous post-vaccination phenomena and those with allergies but also in individuals who are prone to develop autoimmune diseases, such as those with a family history of autoimmunity or with known autoantibodies, and the genetic predisposed individuals.Further research is encouraged into the direct associations between vaccines and autoimmune conditions, and the biological mechanisms behind them.

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“…Type 1 diabetes has previously been linked to immunization [18,19,40]. BCG vaccine has been previously associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes [1] and is now associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The mechanism explains why the anthrax vaccine is associated with an increased risk of diabetes within 45 days post immunization [41], insulin …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BCG vaccine has been linked to an increased risk of type 1 diabetes [1]. BCG immunization was routinely given to Japanese elementary school children age 6 to 7 and junior high school children age 12 to 13 since prior to 1982.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discontinuation of BCG Vaccination Precedes Significant Drop in Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Children. Role of Inflammation and Cortisol Activity as a Cause of Type 2 Diabetes

Classen¹

2008

TOEJ

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BCG immunization was routinely given to elementary and junior high school students in Japan until it was abruptly discontinued after 2002. Data on the incidence of type 2 diabetes was analyzed to see if there was a change following discontinuation of BCG. The incidence of type 2 diabetes dropped by over 50% in children from Tokyo following discontinuation of BCG immunization, the relative risk reached 2.78 (95% confidence interval 1. 03 -7.480). This drop appears to be more significant given the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in children around the world. The increased secretion of cortisol following immunization is thought to result in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Japanese children produce larger amounts of cortisol following immunization than White children. This increased production of cortisol may explain why Japanese children have a high risk of type 2 diabetes but low risk of type 1 diabetes compared to White children. The proposed mechanism may explain the epidemic of obesity which starts in children under 6 months of age.Keywords: Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, BCG, vaccine, cortisol, inflammation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSBCG vaccine has been linked to an increased risk of type 1 diabetes [1]. BCG immunization was routinely given to Japanese elementary school children age 6 to 7 and junior high school children age 12 to 13 since prior to 1982. Immunization was discontinued at the end of 2002 [2]. BCG immunization rates were provided by The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, JATA. The incidence of type 2 diabetes in all elementary and all junior high school students in Tokyo Japan has been recorded since 1974 [3][4][5] and verified data has been published through 2004 [5]. Data on the incidence of type 2 diabetes was analyzed to determine if the incidence declined after discontinuation of BCG vaccine. Only incidence data of type 2 diabetes after 1982 was used because the age of BCG immunization changed in 1982 and this may explain the decreased incidence of diabetes prior to this time. Statistics were performed using Epiinfo 2000, CDC, Atlanta GA and a internet based Poisson calculator. A two stratification analysis was performed with one stratification using data from elementary school children and one stratification using data from junior high school students. Both Poisson and the more conservative Mantel-Haensel Weighted Relative Risk calculation was performed and Greenland/Robins Confidence Limits created. The P values with both methods were less than 0.05, with the later being less significant. RESULTSThe results (Table 1) show that BCG immunization was associated with an relative risk of 2.78 (1.03

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The Timing of Pediatric Immunization and the Risk of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

Clustering of Cases of IDDM 2 to 4 Years after Hepatitis B Immunization is Consistent with Clustering after Infections and Progression to IDDM in Autoantibody Positive Individuals

Clustering of Cases of IDDM 2 to 4 Years after Hepatitis B Immunization is Consistent with Clustering after Infections and Progression to IDDM in Autoantibody Positive Individuals

Vaccination and autoimmune diseases: is prevention of adverse health effects on the horizon?

Discontinuation of BCG Vaccination Precedes Significant Drop in Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Children. Role of Inflammation and Cortisol Activity as a Cause of Type 2 Diabetes

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