The TNM classification of prostate cancer

Schröder, Fritz H.; Hermanek, P.; Denis, L.; Fair, William R.; Gospodarowicz, M.K.; Pavone‐Macaluso, M.

doi:10.1002/pros.2990210521

Cited by 402 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…All tissue specimens or cytological smears were examined by pathologists experienced both in cytological and Statistics histological diagnoses and graded (1-3) according to the WHO grading system [8]. The clinical tumour stage Positive and negative predictive values of PSA level for bone metastasis were calculated for diÂerent PSA threshwas assessed with a DRE performed by a urologist and categorized according to the TNM staging system [9]. olds according to Altman [11].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When is bone scintigraphy necessary in the assessment of newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer?

Haukaas¹,

Roervik²,

Halvorsen

et al. 1997

British Journal of Urology

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Objective To evaluate the utility of bone scintigraphy in bone scan. In a univariate analysis, the overall survival was significantly aÂected by the extent of bone the assessment of newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer.scan pathology (P<0.001), the pre-treatment level of PSA (P<0.001) and tumour grade (P=0.01), Patients and methods The probability of a positive bone scan for metastases was analysed for diÂerent threshwhereas a multivariate analysis identified, in order of significance, tumour grade (P=0.003), bone scan old values of pre-treatment concentrations of prostate specific antigen (PSA), clinical stage, tumour grade findings (P=0.007) and PSA levels (P=0.03) as independent prognostic factors. based on biopsy, and age in 128 men (mean age 69 years, range 50-90) with newly diagnosed, untreatedConclusions Bone scintigraphy seems to be unnecessary in the evaluation of newly diagnosed, untreated prosprostate cancer. The overall survival probabilities estimated from PSA level, extent of bone metastases, tate cancer in patients with no clinical signs of bone pathology and serum PSA levels of ∏10 ng/mL. tumour grade, clinical stage, and age were calculated using the product-limit method.However, the bone scan accurately assesses bone metastases and the prognostic significance of bone Results The positive predictive values of PSA level for bone metastases at thresholds of 10 and 20 ng/mL scan findings is superior to that of serum PSA level. Keywords Bone scintigraphy, prostate specific antigen, were poor (27.5 and 47.5%, respectively) whereas similar threshold levels of PSA gave negative predictive prostate cancer, prognosis values of 100 and 94%, respectively, for a positiveThe emergence of newer serum markers in prostate

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When is bone scintigraphy necessary in the assessment of newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer?

Haukaas¹,

Roervik²,

Halvorsen

et al. 1997

British Journal of Urology

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“…The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system was used. 16 We excluded T1a cancers because these are relatively innocuous and may be especially prone to detection bias related to treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. In terms of total potential person-time accumulated up to the end of the study period (January 31, 2002), the response rate to follow-up questionnaires was 96%.…”

Section: Identification Of Cases Of Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow‐up study

Giovannucci

Liu

Platz

et al. 2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

463

416

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Risk factors for prostate cancer could differ for various subgroups, such as for ''aggressive'' and ''non-aggressive'' cancers or by grade or stage. Determinants of mortality could differ from those for incidence. Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, we re-examined 10 factors (cigarette smoking history, physical activity, BMI, family history of prostate cancer, race, height, total energy consumption, and intakes of calcium, tomato sauce and a-linolenic acid) using multivariable Cox regression in relation to multiple subcategories for prostate cancer risk. These were factors that we previously found to be predictors of prostate cancer incidence or advanced prostate cancer in this cohort, and that have some support in the literature. In this analysis, only 4 factors had a clear statistically significant association with overall incident prostate cancer: African-American race, positive family history, higher tomato sauce intake (inversely) and a-linolenic acid intake. In contrast, for fatal prostate cancer, recent smoking history, taller height, higher BMI, family history, and high intakes of total energy, calcium and a-linolenic acid were associated with a statistically significant increased risk. Higher vigorous physical activity level was associated with lower risk. In relation to these risk factors, advanced stage at diagnosis was a good surrogate for fatal prostate cancer, but high-grade (Gleason 7 or Gleason 8) was not. Only for high calcium intake was there a close correspondence for associations among high-grade cancer, advanced and fatal prostate cancer. Tomato sauce (inversely) and a-linolenic acid (positively) intakes were strong predictors of advanced cancer among those with low-grade cancers at diagnosis. Although the proportion of advanced stage cancers was much lower after PSA screening began, risk factors for advanced stage prostate cancers were similar in the pre-PSA and PSA era. The complexity of the clinical and pathologic manifestations of prostate cancer must be considered in the design and interpretation of studies. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…These patients were heterozygous for the (TA) n marker in the SRD5A2 gene . Tumor staging was carried out according to the TNM classification system (Schroder et al, 1992).…”

Section: Dna Samples From Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of somatic steroid 5α-reductase (SRD5A2) mutations in human prostate cancer tissue

2004

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Prostate cancer is a very common disease in industrialized countries and it is known to be androgen-dependent. The human SRD5A2 gene encodes the prostatic (or type II) steroid 5a-reductase, which catalyses the irreversible conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most active androgen in the prostate. We have sequenced the entire protein-coding region of this locus in 30 microdissected prostate adenocarcinomas. We identified a total of 17 de novo amino-acid substitutions in 13 of these tumors. We also identified six additional silent substitutions. In total, 18 out of 30 (60%) of the tumors examined had de novo somatic substitutions in the prostatic steroid 5a-reductase-coding region. We also characterized all of the SRD5A2 missense substitutions biochemically and pharmacologically, using three 5a-reductase inhibitors, including finasteride. The biochemical parameters of the distinct 5a-reductase missense substitutions varied substantially. We note that two out of the three recurrent SRD5A2 missense substitutions increased 5a-reductase in vitro activity, while the third one is essentially neutral. These findings are consistent with a role for increased DHT levels in the prostate through increased activity of the SRD5A2 locus in prostate cancer progression, in a subset of patients. Our pharmacologic studies also reveal substantial variability for each 5a-reductase inhibitor. These data, therefore, should be taken into account in both prevention as well as therapeutic trials of prostate cancer utilizing 5a-reductase inhibitors.

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The TNM classification of prostate cancer

Abstract: Key words: clinical staging of prostate cancer, lymph node metastases, pathologic staging of prostate cancer

Cited by 402 publications

References 4 publications

When is bone scintigraphy necessary in the assessment of newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer?

When is bone scintigraphy necessary in the assessment of newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer?

Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow‐up study

Identification and characterization of somatic steroid 5α-reductase (SRD5A2) mutations in human prostate cancer tissue

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