The topographical distribution of rods and cones in the adult chicken retina

Meyer, David; May, Harold C.

doi:10.1016/0014-4835(73)90244-3

Cited by 92 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It is probable that our estimated t G of 2.5·min for chicken retinal chromophore regeneration deviates from ~1·min (for human cone pigment regeneration) because our data are derived from a bleach of the mixed chicken photoreceptor population (i.e. 30-40% rod and 60-70% cone; see Meyer and May, 1973), as opposed to the 100% fovea cone photoreceptor population used in Mahroo and Lamb's studies (Mahroo and Lamb, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Retinoid cycles in the cone-dominated chicken retina

Trevino

Villazana–Espinoza

Muniz

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY In past decades, the role of retinoids in support of rod photopigment regeneration has been extensively characterized. In the rhodopsin cycle,retinal chromophore from bleached rod pigments is reduced to retinol and transferred to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to store as all-trans retinyl ester. This ester pool is subsequently utilized for visual pigment regeneration. However, there is a lack of information on the putative cone visual cycle. In the present study, we provide experimental evidence in support of a novel retinoid cycle for cone photopigment regeneration. In the cone-rich chicken, light exposure resulted in the accumulation of 11-cis retinyl esters to the retina and all-trans retinyl esters to the RPE. Both the rate of increase and the amount of 11-cis retinyl esters in the retina far exceeded those of the all-trans retinyl esters in the RPE. In response to dark adaptation, this 11-cis retinyl ester pool in the retina depletes at a rate several times faster than the all-trans retinyl ester pool in the RPE. In vitro, isolated, dark-adapted retinas devoid of RPE show both an accumulation of 11-cis retinyl ester and a concomitant reduction of 11-cis retinal chromophore in response to light exposure. Finally, we provide experimental results to elucidate a cone visual cycle in chicken by relating the change in retinoids (retinal and retinyl ester) with time during light and dark adaptation. Our results support a new paradigm for cone photopigment regeneration in which the 11-cisretinyl ester pool in the retina serves as the primary source of visual chromophore for cone pigment regeneration.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Retinoid cycles in the cone-dominated chicken retina

Trevino

Villazana–Espinoza

Muniz

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The reaction in this portion seemed to take place in granular bodies or tiny vesicles. Since the first report of Max Schultze (20), considerable controversy has existed regarding the morphological types of chick photoreceptor cells (11,13). Fine structural observations made by Morris (14) showed that chick receptors consist of rods, double cones (each comprised of a principal and an accessory cone), and three types of single cones.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemical localization of rhodopsin-like immunoreactivity in the outer segments of the rods and single cones of chick retina.

Araki

Watanabe

Yasuda

1984

Cell Struct. Funct.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Photoreceptor cells in chick retina consist of a rod and five types of cones. Immunocytochemical techniques have pinpointed rhodopsinlike immunoreactivity in the outer segments of some single cones as well as in rods. The antibody used in our study was raised against bovine rhodopsin purified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No rhodopsin-like immunoreactivity was found in the principal and accessory cone. Epon-embedded, semi-thin sections also were treated with potassium hydroxide to remove epoxy resin and then subjected to immunoreaction with the antibody. With this method the same results were obtained repeatedly, and the possibility of staining failure in double cones and some single cones due to insufficient permeability was avoided.Electron microscopy revealed that the oil droplets of stained single cones are slightly smaller and are located in a more vitreal position than those of unstained single cones. The stained single cones are presumed to be types II and III single cones. In the inner segment, especially in the Golgi region and the rER, no staining was seen. Only slight staining was found in the connecting cilium and in the small vesicular or granular structure between the oil droplet and the plasma membrane facing the heavily stained outer segment. This suggests that opsin is incorporated into the plasma membrane in the distal portion of the inner segment.

show abstract

“…With the eye in the fixative, the retina, still attached to the choroid, was cut into 9 sectors, using the pecten as a landmark ( fig.¤¤1). This division is the same as that of Rojas de Azuaje et al [1993] and Rojas et al [1997] and corresponds to that of Meyer and May [1973] and Begin and Handford [1987], although the sector numbering is different. While still in the fixative, each sector was subdivided into 2 mm 2 portions, of which two were retained for analysis.…”

Section: Morphological Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rods, cones and ganglion cells were counted in 310-µm wide fields, for a total of 15 counts for each of the nine sectors. As in other avian retinae [Meyer and May, 1973;Meyer, 1977;Tansley and Erichsen, 1985;Waldvogel, 1990], double cones, in addition to single cones, were present in all five species, and they were counted as two cones. Additional parameters were also measured: the length and diameter of the outer and inner segments of rods and cones and the thickness of each retinal layer.…”

Section: Morphological Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal and Nocturnal Visual Capabilities in Shorebirds as a Function of Their Feeding Strategies

et al. 1998

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Some shorebird species forage with the same feeding strategy at night and during daytime, e.g. visual pecking in the Wilson’s Plover (Charadrius wilsonia) or tactile probing in the Short-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus griseus). The American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) uses tactile probing, by day and by night, but sometimes pecks for insects during daytime. The Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) is a visual pecker, both by day and by night, and sometimes forages tactilely on windy (agitated water surface) moonless nights. Territorial Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) are visual peckers during daylight and on moonlight conditions but switch to tactile feeding under lower light conditions. It could be postulated that some shorebird species would switch from visual feeding during daytime to tactile foraging at night because they have poor night vision compared to species that are always sight foragers irrespective of the time of the day. This issue was examined by comparing retinal structure and function in the above species. Electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained at different light intensities from anesthetized birds, and the retinae were processed for histological observations. Based on ERGs, retinal sensitivity, and rod:cone ratios, both plovers and stilts are well adapted for nocturnal vision. Although they have low rod density compared to that of stilts and plovers, Willets and woodcocks have a scotopic retinal sensitivity similar to that of stilts and plovers but rank midway between plovers and dowitchers for the b-wave amplitude. Dowitchers have the lowest scotopic b-wave amplitude and retinal sensitivity and appear the least well adapted for night vision. Based on photopic ERGs and cone densities, although stilts, Willets and dowitchers appear as well adapted for daytime vision, plovers occupy the last rank of all species examined. Compared to the nighttime tactile feeders and those that switch from daytime visual pecking to tactile feeding at night, nighttime sight feeders have a superior rod function and, consequently, potentially superior nocturnal visual capabilities.

show abstract

The topographical distribution of rods and cones in the adult chicken retina

Cited by 92 publications

References 19 publications

Retinoid cycles in the cone-dominated chicken retina

Retinoid cycles in the cone-dominated chicken retina

Immunocytochemical localization of rhodopsin-like immunoreactivity in the outer segments of the rods and single cones of chick retina.

Diurnal and Nocturnal Visual Capabilities in Shorebirds as a Function of Their Feeding Strategies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About