T ourism is an important industry in terms of its direct and indirect contributions to GDP. This sector generated 9.8% of global GDP (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2016). With its growth of 2.8%, it has outpaced that of the global economy (2.3%) since 2010. Its economic development, significant social benefits and spillover effects has been highlighted by several authors (Chou, 2013; Kokkranikal and Morrison, 2011; Proenca and Soukiazis, 2008). In this sector, SMEs are the most common type of businesses (King, Breen and Whitelaw, 2014), but research on tourism SMEs (T-SMEs) is limited (Morrison, Carlsen, and Weber, 2010; Thomas, Shaw, and Page, 2011), and this is especially true for T-SME owner-managers in Canada (Getz, Carlsen, and Morrison, 2004). Tourism activities play an important role in the Canadian economy (Bédard-Maltais, 2015), account for approximately 9% of overall GDP and provide over 1.6 million (9.1%) of jobs in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2012). Currently, 99.9% of Canadian tourism businesses are SMEs, 98% of these have fewer than 100 employees (Bédard-Maltais, 2015). Quebec accounts for 25% of the T-SMEs. That said, there is still no common definition among federal and provincial agencies for a T-SME (Canadian Tourism Council, 2014). Even in the literature, there is a debate about the definitions of the T-SME (Morrison, Rimmington and Williams, 1999; Thomas et al., 2011). In this research, we use Pierce's (2011, p. 2) definition, i.e., an SME is "a business with fewer than 500 employees and less than $50 million in annual revenues." Tourism SMEs are businesses that meet above SME criteria and operate in the tourism industry (Accommodation, Transportation, Travel Services, Food and Beverage Services, Recreation and Entertainment)". SMEs' characteristics include the centralization of management decisions, a low level of labor specialization, and having an informal, implicit, even intuitive, short-term strategy (Julien, 1994 and 1998, Torrès, 2004a). T-SMEs are particularly influenced by the