The Toxicity of Crufomate to Calves Exposed to Warble Flies (Hypoderma spp)

Khan, M.A.

doi:10.1016/s0034-5288(18)33826-8

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We found that plasma cholinesterase activity was very low in calves and adult cattle and most of the whole blood cholinesterase activity was found in the erythrocytes, as previously reported in cattle and other ruminants by RADELEFF and WOODARD (1956);ROBBINS et al (1958) andHAZELWOOD andHEATH (1976). Comparing the present measurements of whole blood cholinesterase activity (Table 3) with those reported in the literature (Table I), it seems that our results were similar to those obtained by ANDERSON et al (1969); MERSMANN andSANGUINETTI (1974) andBECK et al (1977), but slightly higher than those reported by ROBBINS et al (1958) and KHAN (1973). Other results were either very low (WATSON and BLACK, 1981) or very high (HAZELWOOD and HEATH, 1976) when compared with the present findings.…”

Section: A) Blood Cholinesterase Activitysupporting

confidence: 90%

Normal Esterase Activity in the Plasma, Whole Blood and Tissues of Cattle

Abdelsalam

Ford

1985

Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A

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Summary The cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity was measured in the blood and tissues of normal male calves and adult cattle. The results confirmed the presence of cholinesterase activity in all tissues, with the highest activity in the brain and small intestine and the lowest in the kidney, heart and muscle. Carboxylesterase activity was also detected in most tissues and was particularly high in the liver, moderate in the kidney, lung and intestine, and very low in the plasma. Zusammenfassung Normale Esteraseaktivitäten in Plasma, Vollblut und Geweben von Rindern Bei gesunden, männlichen Kälbern und erwachsenen Rindern wurden im Blut und im Gewebe die Aktivitäten der Cholinesterase und Carboxylesterase gemessen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen das Vorkommen von Cholinesteraseaktivitäten in allen Geweben; die höchsten Aktivitäten wurden in Gehirn und Dünndarm, die niedrigsten in Nieren, Herz und Muskulatur registriert. In den meisten Geweben ließen sich auch Carboxylesteraseaktivitäten nachweisen; sie waren besonders hoch in der Leber, mittelgradig in Nieren, Lunge und Darm und sehr niedrig im Plasma. Résumé Activités normales d'estérases dans le plasma, le sang complet et des tissus chez des bovins Les activités de la cholinestérase et de la carboxylestérase ont été mesurées chez des veaux mâles en bonne santé et chez des bovins adultes dans le sang et dans les tissus. Les résultats ont confirmé la présence d'activités de la cholinestérase dans tous les tissus. Les activités les plus élevées ont été relevées dans le cerveau et l'intestin grêle et les plus basses dans les reins, le myocarde et la musculature. Des activités de la carboxylestérase ont été également mises en évidence dans la plupart des tissus: particulièrement élevées dans le foie, moyennes dans les reins, les poumons et l'intestin et très basses dans le plasma. Resumen Las actividades normales de las esterasas en el plasma sanguíneo, la sangre completa y los tejidos de vacunos En terneros y vacunos adultos sanos se midieron en sangre y tejidos las actividades de la colinesterasa y de la carboxilesterasa. Los resultados confirman la presencia de actividades de la colinesterasa en todos los tejidos. Las actividades más elevadas se registraron en el cerebro e intestino delgado, y las más bajas en riñones, miocardio y musculatura. En la mayor parte de los tejidos también se pudieron poner en evidencia actividades de la carboxilesterasa; eran especialmente muy elevadas en el hígado, moderadas en los riñones, pulmón e intestino y muy bajas en el plasma sanguíneo.

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Section: A) Blood Cholinesterase Activitysupporting

confidence: 90%

Normal Esterase Activity in the Plasma, Whole Blood and Tissues of Cattle

Abdelsalam

Ford

1985

Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A

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“…In the past, during the eradication program in Canada the level of organo-phosphorous poisoning was found to be very low while in later stages, recently, the incidence of poisoning was much higher (Khan 1973). This difference in level of poisoning was observed in those animals which were stressed due to the change in diet and environment.…”

Section: Organophosphatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine hypodermosis—a global aspect

Hassan

Khan

Abubakar³

et al. 2010

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Cattle hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a notorious veterinary problem throughout the world. Larvae of Hypoderma species cause a subcutaneous myiasis of domesticated and wild ruminants. This disease is caused by, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum in cattle whereas, Hypoderma diana, Hypoderma actaeon, and Hypoderma tarandi, affect roe deer, red deer, and reindeer, respectively. Adults of the cattle grub are commonly known as heel flies, warble flies, bomb flies or gad flies. The biology of hypodermosis is complex because it passes through ecto- as well as endoparasitic stages in the life cycle. The parasitic stage of hypodermosis lasts about 1 year in domesticated as well as in the wild animals, while in the adult stage, a free-living fly lasts only for few days. The diagnosis of hypodermosis is of prime importance for planning treatment and the eradication program. Generally, there are two methods that are routinely used for diagnosis of hypodermosis, i.e., the direct clinical examination and immuno diagnosis by the use of pooled serum and/or milk sample. For the control of hypodermosis, different preparations are available and their use in most of the countries is limited to an individual level but never cover the whole cattle population of a country. Re-infestation in the herd occurs due to the untreated animals that remain the reservoir of the disease. The disease causes huge economic losses in animal production due to the effect of this disease on meat, milk, and the leather industry. It can also affect the general health status as well as the immune system of the body of the diseased animals. As regards the control measures of the disease, different methods have been efficiently practiced and consequently this disease is controlled at national level in many European countries.

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Toxicological hazards in warble fly eradication programmes

Brown

1977

Veterinary Parasitology

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The Toxicity of Crufomate to Calves Exposed to Warble Flies (Hypoderma spp)

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Normal Esterase Activity in the Plasma, Whole Blood and Tissues of Cattle

Normal Esterase Activity in the Plasma, Whole Blood and Tissues of Cattle

Bovine hypodermosis—a global aspect

Toxicological hazards in warble fly eradication programmes

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