The trajectory of nation-building through language policies: the case of Turkey during the early Republic (1920-38)†

Bayar, Yeşim

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00484.x

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For instance, non-Muslims are not fully accepted as members of the Turkish nation despite their fluency in Turkish. 88 Before the post-Civil War constitutional amendments, American blacks continued to be slaves despite their mastery of English; until fairly recently, Jews and Muslims were not considered authentic members of the French nation despite their fluent French, and Muslims are not fully accepted as Israelis despite their fluency in Hebrew.…”

Section: Strategies: Labeling Legitimation and Policy Choicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nation-Building, Collective Identity, and Language Choices: Between Instrumental and Value Rationalities

Safran

Liu

2012

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics

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The discussion of the place of language in politics has generally revolved around its relationship to nation-building and ethnic conflict. Yet, these are not always causally connected nor is language easily given up for the sake of a greater national or individual good. Attitudes regarding language can be influenced by anticolonialist resentments, memories of past injustice, status paranoia, xenophobia, collective megalomania, religion, ideology, and the desire on the part of a group to base its collective identity on a demarcation from a real or imagined enemy. This applies to many dimensions of language policies, including officialization, alphabetization, gentrification, and glossonym changes. We argue that governments choose language policies for strategic reasons. Whether it is to legitimize or subordinate a language or whether or not the policy is itself the objective, these choices may have unintended consequences.

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Section: Strategies: Labeling Legitimation and Policy Choicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nation-Building, Collective Identity, and Language Choices: Between Instrumental and Value Rationalities

Safran

Liu

2012

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics

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“…The author emphasizes the role of import-substitution industrialization (ISI) strategies and the significant state intervention in the economy during this period. Bayar (2008), in contrast, delves deeper into the socio-economic structures inherited from the Ottoman period and their influence on the economic policies of the early Republic.…”

Section: Early Economic Policies (1923-1945)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade Dynamics and Industrial Evolution: A Comprehensive Time Series Analysis of Turkey s Import-Export Trends and Manufacturing Growth (1923-2013)

Balcıoğlu,

AKÇİN,

BAYRAKTAR

2023

atdd

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This study provides a comprehensive temporal analysis of Turkey's economic progression, focusing on its trade dynamics and manufacturing sector from 1923 to 2013. Utilizing time series analysis, we first delve into Turkey's import and export trends, observing a robust upward trajectory suggestive of sustained economic growth and greater integration into global trade networks. Periodic fluctuations, potentially reflective of global economic cycles or domestic policies, were also discerned. The manufacturing metrics—spanning the number of establishments, employment figures, annual payments, and input values—similarly showcased expansion, with year-on-year growth rates offering nuanced insights into the sector's evolution. Notably, correlations revealed a strong positive relationship between the proliferation of manufacturing establishments and employment figures, while annual payments and input values moved in congruence. Stationarity checks, crucial for time series forecasting, were conducted, leading to the application of the ARIMA modeling technique for predictive analysis. The model's predictions exhibited a close alignment with actual trade values, affirming its efficacy. Overall, this study elucidates Turkey's economic journey over nine decades, emphasizing its expanding trade engagements and consistent growth in the manufacturing realm.

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“…Therefore, the expansion of the boundaries of Turkishness was to include non-Turkish Muslims only after a process of compulsory assimilation. The state elites anticipated that non-Turkish Muslim citizens would ''become Turks'' by social engineering practices (Bayar, 2011;Ü ngo¨r, 2012;Yeg˘en, 2004Yeg˘en, , 2007Yıldız, 2010).…”

Section: Historical Background: Constructing the Boundaries Of Turkismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As part of the assimilationist program, the spreading of Turkish language had utmost priority for the state. Speaking Turkish was regarded as a clear indicator of accepting Turkishness and being a loyal citizen (Bayar, 2011(Bayar, , 2014. In several speeches the political elites highlighted the conditionality of Turkishness on the Turkish language.…”

Section: Historical Background: Constructing the Boundaries Of Turkismentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies of making and unmaking ethnic boundaries: Evidence on the Laz of Turkey

Serdar

2017

Ethnicities

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The main aim of this article is to explore different strategies of boundary making and unmaking by a minority ethnic group. I apply the theories of “boundary work” and constructivist understanding of ethnicity and nationhood to the case of the Laz, one of the autochthons of the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. I analyze two main strategies—boundary crossing and contraction—in the context of three sets of encounters and interactions, with Turks/Turkishness, people of Black Sea—Karadenizli—and Kurds/Kurdishness. First, I argue that assimilating into the official Turkish identity is one of the strategies adopted by the ethnic Laz. The Laz are incorporated into Turkishness both by their search for economic mobility, status, and by assimilationist policies of the state especially aimed at the spread of Turkish. To become a full-fledged true member of the nation and access to potential benefits, Turkishness through language shift has been realized that allowed boundary crossing of the Laz. Second, I state that despite the efforts of the top-down assimilationist policies, noncontentious ethnic identities can be reproduced by means of symbolic boundaries. The Laz contextually activate symbolic boundaries in informal settings by contracting from other people of Black Sea—Karadenizli—or ethnic Turkishness. The ethnic language is substituted by nonthreatening ethnic performances and rhetoric, less marked and more subjective traits of self-asserted differences. Such symbolic boundaries correspond to unofficial forms of hierarchies and competition over local belongings. Third, the analysis of the Laz–Kurd relationship unveils that ethnic boundaries can be redefined according to changing conditions. The impact of the Kurds on the Laz identity, either by means of personal acquaintances or the relationship between the state and the Kurdish national movement, is imperative. It triggers contradictions in the Laz identity by revealing new potential redefinitions and recasting of boundaries.

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The trajectory of nation-building through language policies: the case of Turkey during the early Republic (1920-38)†

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Nation-Building, Collective Identity, and Language Choices: Between Instrumental and Value Rationalities

Nation-Building, Collective Identity, and Language Choices: Between Instrumental and Value Rationalities

Trade Dynamics and Industrial Evolution: A Comprehensive Time Series Analysis of Turkey s Import-Export Trends and Manufacturing Growth (1923-2013)

Strategies of making and unmaking ethnic boundaries: Evidence on the Laz of Turkey

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