The Transcription Factor WIN1/SHN1 Regulates Cutin Biosynthesis in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Kannangara, Rubini; Branigan, Caroline; Liu, Yan; Penfield, Teresa; Rao, Vijaya; Mouille, Grégory; Höfte, Monica; Pauly, Markus; Riechmann, José Luis; Broun, Pierre

doi:10.1105/tpc.106.047076

Cited by 275 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…3B). This result was consistent with the in vitro fatty acid -hydroxylase activity of CYP86A4 (34), its high expression in flowers (28), and its regulation by WIN1, a transcription factor of cutin biosynthesis (35).…”

Section: Cyp77a6 Is the In-chain Hydroxylase Of 1016-dihydroxypalmitatesupporting

confidence: 76%

Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester

Li‐Beisson

Pollard

Sauveplane

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

238

252

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Distinctive nanoridges on the surface of flowers have puzzled plant biologists ever since their discovery over 75 years ago. Although postulated to help attract insect pollinators, the function, chemical nature, and ontogeny of these surface nanostructures remain uncertain. Studies have been hampered by the fact that no ridgeless mutants have been identified. Here, we describe two mutants lacking nanoridges and define the biosynthetic pathway for 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate, a major cutin monomer in nature. Using gene expression profiling, two candidates for the formation of floral cutin were identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana: the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6 (GPAT6) and a member of a cytochrome P450 family with unknown biological function (CYP77A6). Plants carrying null mutations in either gene produced petals with no nanoridges and no cuticle could be observed by either scanning or transmission electron microscopy. A strong reduction in cutin content was found in flowers of both mutants. In planta overexpression suggested GPAT6 preferentially uses palmitate derivatives in cutin synthesis. Comparison of cutin monomer profiles in knockouts for CYP77A6 and the fatty acid -hydroxylase CYP86A4 provided genetic evidence that CYP77A6 is an in-chain hydroxylase acting subsequently to CYP86A4 in the synthesis of 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate. Biochemical activity of CYP77A6 was demonstrated by production of dihydroxypalmitates from 16-hydroxypalmitate, using CYP77A6-expressing yeast microsomes. These results define the biosynthetic pathway for an abundant and widespread monomer of the cutin polyester, show that the morphology of floral surfaces depends on the synthesis of cutin, and identify target genes to investigate the function of nanoridges in flower biology.10,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid ͉ cuticular ridges ͉ CYP77A6 ͉ CYP86A4 ͉ glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6

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Section: Cyp77a6 Is the In-chain Hydroxylase Of 1016-dihydroxypalmitatesupporting

confidence: 76%

Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester

Li‐Beisson

Pollard

Sauveplane

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

238

252

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“…Functions of Arabidopsis WIN1/SHN1 are being investigated intensively. To date, 35S:WIN1/SHN1 overexpression lines showed altered composition and increased accumulation of epidermal lipids, both in leaves and flowers, whereas the WIN1/SHN1 RNAi lines with incomplete gene silencing exhibited opposite effects on lipids (21)(22)(23). Strangely, WIN1/SHN1 overexpression lines showed a shiny leaf phenotype despite an increased lipid deposition on the epidermis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strangely, WIN1/SHN1 overexpression lines showed a shiny leaf phenotype despite an increased lipid deposition on the epidermis. This conflict was ascribed to altered compositions of epidermal cuticle (21,23). However, promoter:GUS reporter experiments showed that, in normal plants, the WIN1/SHN1 gene is predominantly expressed in areas of cell separation such as abscission and dehiscence zones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barley grain with adhering hulls is controlled by an ERF family transcription factor gene regulating a lipid biosynthesis pathway

Taketa

Amano

Tsujino

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

297

283

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In contrast to other cereals, typical barley cultivars have caryopses with adhering hulls at maturity, known as covered (hulled) barley. However, a few barley cultivars are a free-threshing variant called naked (hulless) barley. The covered/naked caryopsis is controlled by a single locus (nud) on chromosome arm 7HL. On the basis of positional cloning, we concluded that an ethylene response factor (ERF) family transcription factor gene controls the covered/naked caryopsis phenotype. This conclusion was validated by (i) fixation of the 17-kb deletion harboring the ERF gene among all 100 naked cultivars studied; (ii) two x-ray-induced nud alleles with a DNA lesion at a different site, each affecting the putative functional motif; and (iii) gene expression strictly localized to the testa. Available results indicate the monophyletic origin of naked barley. The Nud gene has homology to the Arabidopsis WIN1/SHN1 transcription factor gene, whose deduced function is control of a lipid biosynthesis pathway. Staining with a lipophilic dye (Sudan black B) detected a lipid layer on the pericarp epidermis only in covered barley. We infer that, in covered barley, the contact of the caryopsis surface, overlaid with lipids to the inner side of the hull, generates organ adhesion.caryopsis ͉ domestication ͉ epidermis ͉ ethylene response factor ͉ grass B arley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the world's fourth most important cereal crop behind wheat, rice, and maize. A particular botanical feature of domesticated barley is that most cultivars have covered (hulled) caryopses in which the hull (outer lemma and inner palea) is firmly adherent to the pericarp epidermis at maturity; but a few cultivars are of a free-threshing variant called naked (hulless) barley (Fig. 1). No other Poaceae (grass) family crops show such hull-caryopsis adhesion. Both caryopsis types of barley have agronomic value and are used for different purposes. Covered barley is mainly used as an animal feed and for brewing. The hull of covered barley protects embryos from damage during mechanical harvest, and it also provides a filtration medium in separation of fermentable extract (wort) during malt processing (1). In contrast, naked barley is preferred for human food, because extensive pearling to remove the hull is unnecessary. Now that healthy effects of the soluble-fiber-rich barley products have been officially approved (2, 3), consumers' current interest in nutrition might boost the status of barley as human food.Easy processing of edible part can be a primary character of selection during domestication of a food crop (4, 5). Consequently, the naked caryopsis is considered a key domestication character in barley (5-8). The wild progenitor of barley, H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum, has covered grains. The covered grain is therefore considered adaptive in the wild: the hulls protect the caryopses from various biotic and abiotic stresses, and the awn attached to the distal end of the lemma facilitates seed dispersal and burial (9). According to archeological evidence (4)...

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“…A twocomponent glucocorticoid-inducible system was used to drive GLK1 or GLK2 expression following treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) (Craft et al, 2005). Briefly, the GLK1 and GLK2 coding sequences were cloned behind a chimeric promoter consisting of a minimal cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and six ideal lac operator sequences, termed pOp6 (Kannangara et al, 2007). These constructs were then independently transformed into a transgenic glk1 glk2 line carrying a transcriptional activator LhGR-N driven by a constitutively active 35S promoter.…”

Section: Induction Of Glk1 and Glk2 Leads To Increased Levels Of Chlomentioning

confidence: 99%

GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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Chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms harness light energy and convert it into chemical energy. In several land plants, GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors are required for chloroplast development, as glk1 glk2 double mutants are pale green and deficient in the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. We show here that glk1 glk2 double mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulate abnormal levels of chlorophyll precursors and that constitutive GLK gene expression leads to increased accumulation of transcripts for antenna proteins and chlorophyll biosynthetic enzymes. To establish the primary targets of GLK gene action, an inducible expression system was used in combination with transcriptome analysis. Following induction, transcript pools were substantially enriched in genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the direct association of GLK1 protein with target gene promoters, revealing a putative regulatory cis-element. We show that GLK proteins influence photosynthetic gene expression independently of the phyB signaling pathway and that the two GLK genes are differentially responsive to plastid retrograde signals. These results suggest that GLK genes help to coregulate and synchronize the expression of a suite of nuclear photosynthetic genes and thus act to optimize photosynthetic capacity in varying environmental and developmental conditions.

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The Transcription Factor WIN1/SHN1 Regulates Cutin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 275 publications

References 56 publications

Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester

Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester

Barley grain with adhering hulls is controlled by an ERF family transcription factor gene regulating a lipid biosynthesis pathway

GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis

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