The transcriptional regulation of the preproenkephalin gene

Weisinger, Gary

doi:10.1042/bj3070617

Cited by 37 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 180 publications

(383 reference statements)

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“…Other possible factors that could influence ppENK transcription are glucocorticoids that are rapidly released from the adrenal glands after immune challenge (Sapolsky et al, 1987). The ppENK gene promoter contains a glucocorticoid response element (Weisinger, 1995), and glucocorticoid receptors were found in cell groups activated in the present study (Aronsson et al, 1988;Harfstrand et al, 1989;Levitt et al, 1996;Morimoto et al, 1996), including enkephalinergic neurons in the parvocellular PVH (Ceccatelli et al, 1989). Further, studies on cultured cells have shown increased enkephalin transcription by corticosterone (Inturrisi et al, 1988;Stachowiak et al, 1990), and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that glucocorticoids are important for basal ppENK mRNA levels and stressinduced regulation of the ppENK gene (Ahima et al, 1992;Garcia-Garcia et al, 1998), although considerable regional heterogeneity seems to exist (Ahima et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic immune challenge induces preproenkephalin gene transcription in distinct autonomic structures of the rat brain

Engström¹,

Engblom²,

Blomqvist³

2003

J of Comparative Neurology

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The involvement of enkephalins in the immune response was investigated in rats injected intravenously with interleukin-1beta (2 microg/kg). In situ hybridization with a riboprobe complementary to intron A of the preproenkephalin (ppENK) gene showed distinct transcriptional activation within several brain regions known to be activated by immune stimuli, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, the area postrema, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and dual labeling confirmed that a large proportion of the intron expressing neurons co-expressed c-fos mRNA. Rats injected with saline (controls) showed little or no heteronuclear transcript in these structures. The induced signal was strongest after 1 hour but was present in some structures 30 minutes after interleukin-1beta injection. At 3 hours, transcriptional activity returned to basal levels. High basal expression of the heteronuclear transcript that appeared unchanged by the immune stimulus was seen in regions not primarily involved in the immune response, such as the striatum, the olfactory tubercle, and the islands of Calleja and in the immune activated central nucleus of the amygdala. The heteronuclear transcript colocalized with ppENK mRNA, demonstrating that it occurred in enkephalinergic neurons and was not the result of alternative transcription from the ppENK gene in other cells. These results demonstrated that enkephalin transcription is induced in central autonomic neurons during immune challenge, suggesting that enkephalins are involved in the centrally orchestrated response to such stimuli.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic immune challenge induces preproenkephalin gene transcription in distinct autonomic structures of the rat brain

Engström¹,

Engblom²,

Blomqvist³

2003

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…It has also been shown that the reduced rate of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene transcription after hypophysectomy decreased mRNA and peptide levels in the rat hypothalamus (Shuto et al 1995). However, the changes in mRNA levels have been shown to be a reflection of changes in transcription and/or mRNA stability (White & LaGamma 1989, Nielsen & Shapiro 1990, Shupnik 1995, Weisinger 1995. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that the changes in VIP mRNA content observed in the present study are the direct consequence of altered VIP gene transcription only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional changes in hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide during a photo-induced reproductive cycle in the turkey

Chaiseha

Tong

Youngren

et al. 1998

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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To characterize further vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as the prolactin-releasing factor in avian species, the present study examined hypothalamic VIP transcription and plasma prolactin (PRL) levels during the turkey reproductive cycle. The contribution of transcription to hypothalamic VIP mRNA steady-state levels and VIP content in response to gonadal stimulating photoperiod was also investigated. Nuclear run-on transcription assays were performed using nuclei isolated from hypothalami. Cytoplasmic VIP mRNA levels, and VIP content in the median eminence and plasma PRL levels were determined by Northern blot analysis and radioimmunoassays respectively. The alterations in VIP transcription mirrored the changes in cytoplasmic VIP mRNA and VIP content during the reproductive stages. VIP transcription, cytoplasmic VIP mRNA level and VIP content were lowest in non-photostimulated birds, higher (P<0·05) in laying hens, and greatest (P<0·05) in incubating birds. These increases paralleled the changes in circulating plasma PRL levels. Changes in VIP transcription (P>0·05) were not observed during the transition from incubation to photorefractoriness, even though there was a sharp decline in circulating plasma PRL levels (P<0·05). Following photostimulation, VIP transcription, cytoplasmic VIP mRNA levels, and VIP content increased as the hens progressed towards sexual maturity (P<0·05), and these increases were correlated with an increased plasma PRL level. These results suggest that VIP is regulated in large part at the transcriptional level during the turkey reproductive cycle and that this transcriptional regulation is coupled to the photo-induced increase in PRL secretion.

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“…Sympathoadrenal transmitter systems mature to adult capacity a week or more after birth in response to progressive cholinergic innervation, exposure to growth factors, and hormonal influences from both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical and thyroid hormonal systems (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). Although the importance of these conventional control mechanisms is well established, the evolutionary significance of other exogenous stimuli can be considered in a broader view of environmentally derived signal-transduction.…”

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confidence: 99%

Stereospecific Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Proenkephalin Genes by Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Rat PC12 Cells

et al. 2004

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Circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are primarily derived from bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in the colon where they function as physiologic modulators of epithelial cell maturation. Butyrate has been shown to induce tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis, and enkephalin neuropeptide gene transcription, suggesting a role in perinatal sympathoadrenal stress-adaptation. We sought to determine whether there were SCFA structural requirements for this effect. Nine biologically relevant SCFAs and butyrate derivatives were tested in an in vitro model (PC12, rat pheochromocytoma cells) for their ability to regulate neurotransmitter-related gene expression. Our results revealed that among all the studied SCFAs, only propionate and butyrate increased tyrosine hydroxylase and proenkephalin mRNA levels. The functional activity was selective to the carbon atom chain length and associated with the presence of an ethyl moiety in the carbon atom backbone chain. Modifications or absence of this domain affected the gene induction response, suggesting a receptor-mediated mechanism(s). Moreover, propionate, butyrate, and the drug 4-phenylbutyrate were each shown to regulate transmitter genes via at least three independent mechanisms: histone hyperacetylation, cAMP signaling, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated pathways. Thus, the biologic impact of SCFAs on catecholaminergic and opioid systems depend on the activation of SCFA-specific, dose-specific, and gene-specific molecular mechanisms. We speculate that 1) circulating levels of SCFAs may influence sympathoadrenal transmitter biosynthesis and hence whole animal stress-adaptive responsiveness after birth, and 2) the adverse effects of antibiotics on delayed acquisition of postnatal gut flora may affect this apparent evolutionary advantage of gut colonization. Sympathoadrenal transmitter systems mature to adult capacity a week or more after birth in response to progressive cholinergic innervation, exposure to growth factors, and hormonal influences from both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical and thyroid hormonal systems (1-6). Although the importance of these conventional control mechanisms is well established, the evolutionary significance of other exogenous stimuli can be considered in a broader view of environmentally derived signal-transduction. For example, the delayed period of adrenal transmitter accumulation after birth coincides with the time taken to establish full enteral feedings, colonization of the intestine, and attendant production of SCFA (7). Moreover, in the rat (as well as in humans), this time frame is far longer than the capacity of the chromaffin cell to rapidly induce biosynthesis of either catecholamines or enkephalins, which can occur in a matter of hours (8)

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The transcriptional regulation of the preproenkephalin gene

Cited by 37 publications

References 180 publications

Systemic immune challenge induces preproenkephalin gene transcription in distinct autonomic structures of the rat brain

Systemic immune challenge induces preproenkephalin gene transcription in distinct autonomic structures of the rat brain

Transcriptional changes in hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide during a photo-induced reproductive cycle in the turkey

Stereospecific Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Proenkephalin Genes by Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Rat PC12 Cells

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