The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode

Bardeen, John; Brattain, W. H.

doi:10.1103/physrev.74.230

Cited by 774 publications

(183 citation statements)

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“…T he invention of the transistor in 1947 represents the birth of the solid state electronics age (1). The full scope of application possibilities began to emerge to the general public a few years later when researchers developed approaches to overcome the many scientific and technical challenges to implementing transistors in low-cost, handheld radios (2,3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio frequency analog electronics based on carbon nanotube transistors

Kocabaş¹,

Kim

Banks

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

183

123

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The potential to exploit single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in advanced electronics represents a continuing, major source of interest in these materials. However, scalable integration of SWNTs into circuits is challenging because of difficulties in controlling the geometries, spatial positions, and electronic properties of individual tubes. We have implemented solutions to some of these challenges to yield radio frequency (RF) SWNT analog electronic devices, such as narrow band amplifiers operating in the VHF frequency band with power gains as high as 14 dB. As a demonstration, we fabricated nanotube transistor radios, in which SWNT devices provide all of the key functions, including resonant antennas, fixed RF amplifiers, RF mixers, and audio amplifiers. These results represent important first steps to practical implementation of SWNTs in high-speed analog circuits. Comparison studies indicate certain performance advantages over silicon and capabilities that complement those in existing compound semiconductor technologies.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio frequency analog electronics based on carbon nanotube transistors

Kocabaş¹,

Kim

Banks

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

183

123

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“…Electrolyte-gate dielectrics, first used by the inventors of the transistor in 1947, can support very high field-induced charge densities compared with conventional dielectrics (5,6). Indeed, the conductivity of polymer FETs has been shown to be enhanced by several orders of magnitude when a polymer electrolyte is used (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the metal-insulator transition in polymer electrolyte gated polymer field-effect transistors

Dhoot

Yuen

Heeney

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

176

126

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We have studied the carrier transport in poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) field-effect transistors (FETs) at very high field-induced carrier densities (10 15 cm ؊2 ) using a polymer electrolyte as gate and gate dielectric. At room temperature, we find high current densities, 2 ؋ 10 6 A͞cm 2 , and high metallic conductivities, 10 4 S͞cm, in the FET channel; at 4.2 K, the current density is sustained at 10 7 A͞cm 2 . Thus, metallic conductivity persists to low temperatures. The carrier mobility in these devices is Ϸ3.5 cm 2 ⅐V ؊1 ⅐s ؊1 at 297 K, comparable with that found in fully crystalline organic devices.conjugated polymer ͉ electronic transport S tarting with the first demonstration of metallic conductivity in chemically doped conjugated polymers (1), there has been considerable interest in realizing a truly metallic state, wherein nonactivated metallic transport persists to low temperatures. Metallic transport, attributed to improved order of the molecular structure, was recently reported by Lee et al. (2) in polyaniline with room temperature conductivities of Ͼ10 3 S͞cm. While increasing the density of carriers, however, chemical doping also increases disorder, disrupts the intrinsic density of states (3), and thereby leads to localization of the carrier wavefunctions. This additional source of disorder is eliminated by using the capacitance and gate voltage (V g ) in field-effect transistors (FETs) to induce sufficient carrier densities to reach the metallic regime (4). However, the observation of metallic conduction in the two-dimensional regime within the channel of FETs has been generally limited by both the capacitance and electric field breakdown strength of commonly used gate dielectric materials.Electrolyte-gate dielectrics, first used by the inventors of the transistor in 1947, can support very high field-induced charge densities compared with conventional dielectrics (5, 6). Indeed, the conductivity of polymer FETs has been shown to be enhanced by several orders of magnitude when a polymer electrolyte is used (7). More recently, Panzer and Frisbie (8) demonstrated high conductivities (10 3 S͞cm) in polymer electrolyte gated polymer devices at carrier densities of Ϸ10 15 cm Ϫ2 . They assume that an ionic double layer near the interface between the electrolyte and the semiconducting polymer, with charge separation over the nanoscale, is responsible for the exceptionally large field-induced carrier densities. On the other hand, 15 years ago, Wrighton and colleagues (9) carefully examined the in situ doping in electrochemical FETs that utilized liquid electrolyte. Panzer and Frisbie (8) addressed the issue of electrochemical doping by depositing a thin layer of insulating material between the polymer semiconductor and the polymer electrolyte.In this work, we use a poly(ethylene oxide)͞lithium perchlorate (PEO͞LiClO 4 ) polymer electrolyte gate dielectric to study the carrier transport in poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (pBTTT-C14) FETs at h...

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“…This appears as a natural continuation of the early electronic era that started in 1947 with the invention of the first transistor achieved by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Laboratories [1] , USA.…”

Section: Organic Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Operating Organic Electronics via Aqueous Electric Double Layers

Toss¹

2015

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The field of organic electronics emerged in the 1970s with the discovery of conducting polymers. With the introduction of plastics as conductors and semiconductors came many new possibilities both in production and function of electronic devices. Polymers can often be processed from solution and their softness provides both the possibility of working on flexible substrates, and various advantages in interfacing with other soft materials, e.g. biological samples and specimens. Conducting polymers readily partake in chemical and electrochemical reactions, providing an opportunity to develop new electrochemically driven devices, but also posing new problems for device engineers.The work of this thesis has focused on organic electronic devices in which aqueous electrolytes are an active component, but still operating in conditions where it is desirable to avoid electrochemical reactions. Interfacing with aqueous electrolytes occurs in a wide variety of settings, but we have specifically had biological environments in mind as they necessarily involve the presence of water. The use of liquid electrolytes also provides the opportunity to deliver and change the device electrolyte continuously, e.g. through microfluidic systems, which could then be used as a dynamic feature and/or be used to introduce and change analytes for sensors. Of particular interest is the electric double layer at the interface between the electrolyte and other materials in the device, specifically its sensitivity to charge reorganization and high capacitance.The thesis first focuses on organic field effect transistors gated through aqueous electrolytes. These devices are proposed as biosensors with the transistor architecture providing a direct transduction and amplification so that it can be electrically read out. It is discussed both how to distinguish between the various operating mechanisms in electrolyte thin film transistors and how to choose a strategy to achieve the desired mechanism. Two different strategies to suppress ion penetration into, and thus electrochemical doping of, the organic semiconductor are presented.The second focus of the thesis is on polarization of ferroelectric polymer films through electrolytes. A model for the interaction between the remnant ferroelectric charge in the polymer film and the mobile ionic charges of the electrolyte is presented, and verified experimentally. The reorientation of the ferroelectric polarization via the electric double layer is also demonstrated in a regenerative medicine application; the ferroelectric polarization is shown to affect cell binding, and is used as a gentle method to non-destructively detach cells from a culture substrate. Populärvetenskaplig SammanfattningUpptäckten av ledande polymerer på 1970-talet blev startskottet för forskningsområdet ledande plaster och senare också för organisk elektronik. Möjligheten att använda polymera material, det vill säga plaster, som elektrisk ledare och halvledare i elektroniska komponenter innebär en rad olika fördelar med avseende ...

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The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode

Cited by 774 publications

References 0 publications

Radio frequency analog electronics based on carbon nanotube transistors

Radio frequency analog electronics based on carbon nanotube transistors

Beyond the metal-insulator transition in polymer electrolyte gated polymer field-effect transistors

Operating Organic Electronics via Aqueous Electric Double Layers

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