The transition from Tethys to the Himalaya as recorded in northwest Pakistan

Pivnik, David A.; Wells, Neil A.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1295:ttfttt>2.3.co;2

Cited by 118 publications

(96 citation statements)

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“…The city of Islamabad is adjacent to a mountainous terrain known as the Margala Hills, part of the lower and outer Himalaya Range consisting of a series of ridges with altitudes reaching approximately 1600 m near Islamabad. The Margala Hills are an intensely deformed tectonic belt that represents the uplift of the Peshawar Basin that is part of the active Himalayan foreland where fold and thrust belts form the collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates (Coward et al, 1987;Baker et al, 1988;Bender and Raza, 1995;Pivnik and Wells, 1996). South of the Margala Hills is a southward sloping piedmont bench (Williams et al, 1999) where the Islamabad and Rawalpindi urban developments are situated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Site Characterization Using Integrated Imaging Analysis Methods on Satellite Data of the Islamabad, Pakistan, Region

Yong

Hough

Abrams

et al. 2008

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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We develop an integrated digital imaging analysis approach to produce a first-approximation site characterization map for Islamabad, Pakistan, based on remote-sensing data. We apply both pixel-based and object-oriented digital imaging analysis methods to characterize detailed (1∶50; 000) geomorphology and geology from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite imagery. We use stereo-correlated relative digital elevation models (rDEMs) derived from ASTER data, as well as spectra in the visible near-infrared (VNIR) to thermal infrared (TIR) domains. The resulting geomorphic units in the study area are classified as mountain (including the Margala Hills and the Khairi Murat Ridge), piedmont, and basin terrain units. The local geologic units are classified as limestone in the Margala Hills and the Khairi Murat Ridge and sandstone rock types for the piedmonts and basins. Shear-wave velocities for these units are assigned in ranges based on established correlations in California. These ranges include V s 30-values to be greater than 500 m=sec for mountain units, 200-600 m=sec for piedmont units, and less than 300 m=sec for basin units. While the resulting map provides the basis for incorporating site response in an assessment of seismic hazard for Islamabad, it also demonstrates the potential use of remote-sensing data for site characterization in regions where only limited conventional mapping has been done.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Site Characterization Using Integrated Imaging Analysis Methods on Satellite Data of the Islamabad, Pakistan, Region

Yong

Hough

Abrams

et al. 2008

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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“…On this basis, the Balakot Formation has been interpreted as being by far the oldest continental sedimentary succession in the foreland basin that contains detritus from the Himalayan metamorphic belt; the start of similar sedimentation did not occur elsewhere in the basin until more than 20 Myr later ( Fig. 1): from Bangladesh 8 , through India 13 to Pakistan, although in the Kohat region of Pakistan there was a brief interlude of continental sedimentation, the 100-150-m-thick Mami Khel deposits, in the late Early Eocene (ϳ50 Myr) before marine conditions resumed 14 .…”

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confidence: 98%

Dating of the oldest continental sediments from the Himalayan foreland basin

Najman

Pringle

Godin

et al. 2001

Nature

142

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“…Collision between the arc and continental India followed closure of neo-Tethys. The age of collision is not precisely determined, although on the basis of the sedimentary record is likely to have been at about 55 Ma (see discussions in Garzanti et al 1996, Pivnik & Wells 1996, Rowley 1996and Treloar 1997. A late Cretaceous to Paleocene ophiolite emplacement event predated final closure of Neotethys (Searle 1986;Beck et al 1995;Searle et al 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%