The transmission of Jembrana disease, a lentivirus disease of Bos javanicus cattle

Abstract

SummaryMethods of transmission of Jembrana disease, an acute and severe disease of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) caused by a recently-identified bovine lentivirus known as Jembrana disease virus, are described. During the acute disease virus can be detected in saliva and milk. There is evidence of direct transmission from acutely affected animals in close contact with susceptible cattle, possibly by virus in these secretions infecting cattle by the conjunctiva!, intranasal or oral routes, by which it was possible to infect cattle experimentally. During the acute disease the titre of infectious virus in blood is high, about 108 50% cattle infectious units (ID50)/ml, and it is probable that the virus is also transmitted mechanically by haematophagous arthropods. Recovered cattle are also a potential but probably infrequent source of infection; recovered cattle are persistently viraemic but the titre of infectious virus in blood decreases to about 101 ID50/ml by 60 days after recovery from the acute disease, and virus cannot be detected in secretions.

Immunodiagnosis in Jembrana Disease: A Review

“…In experimentally JDV-infected Bali cattle, the death rate was about 21% (Soesanto et al, 1990;Soeharsono et al, 1990). This finding was supported with evidence acquired in several epidemiological studies (Soeharsono et al, 1995a;1995b;Chadwick et al, 1998). In lethal infection, mortality was occurred within only 1 to 2 weeks after infection and was correlated to multiorgan failure Wilcox, 1997).…”

“…During the acute phase, high titer of infectious JDV viral particles is found in plasma (Kusumawati et al, 2014b). Viruses are also abundantly present in secreted fluids, namely milk and saliva (Soeharsono et al, 1995b). This make viral antigen identification by molecular method is ideal detection tool in order to detect viral infection as early as possible during the course of the disease.…”

TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR and JDVp26 Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Quantify Jembrana Disease Virus Load during the Acute Phase of In Vivo Infection

“…The majority of animals develop detectable antibodies to the virus only 6 weeks or more after recovery from the acute phase of the disease (17,41). Surviving animals are resistant to reinfection, remain infectious for at least 2 years, and do not appear to suffer further episodes of disease (35).…”

“…Attempts to cultivate JDV in vitro have been unsuccessful (42), and this has restricted the development of assays for the quantification of infectious virus. A series of animal bioassay experiments reported by Soeharsono et al (35) provide the only data available regarding virus replication during the acute phase of disease process. These studies revealed that there was a high titer of infectious virus in plasma of about 10 8 50% cattle infectious doses (ID 50 )/ml during the acute febrile period, decreasing to low levels and persisting at low levels in recovered animals.…”

“…These studies revealed that there was a high titer of infectious virus in plasma of about 10 8 50% cattle infectious doses (ID 50 )/ml during the acute febrile period, decreasing to low levels and persisting at low levels in recovered animals. A strong correlation between the initial dose of virus in a sample and the time between infection and onset of the acute febrile disease period was observed (35). Although this bioassay provided a method for titration of in-fectious virus, it was time-consuming and expensive.…”