“…Migration‐sending states have an additional layer of migration governance policies that can be conceptualised as the management of emigration and the governance of citizens and diasporas abroad. It points to the ways in which the management of migration can at times lead not just to the governance of flows of people across state borders, but also to the transnationalisation and de‐territorialisation of some functions of the state as it adapts to a situation in which increasing numbers of its citizens live beyond its territorial borders (Adamson & Demetriou, 2007; Collyer & King, 2015; Lacroix, 2022). Moreover, in the case of Turkey, its diaspora engagement policies interact in numerous ways with its conflict and security entanglements – via transnational political networks and mobilisations – but also with its broader foreign policy and diplomatic interests, such as its bargaining with European states around issues of migration diplomacy.…”