The treatment of food by prosobranch veligers

Fretter, Vera; Montgomery, Margaret C.

doi:10.1017/s0025315400034639

Cited by 50 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…3B1; for other gastropod veligers, see refs. 15 and 16). After settlement on Laurencia pacifica, which is destined to serve as their diet after metamorphosis, veligers stop eating unicellular algae and do not feed until metamorphosis is complete.…”

Section: Behavioral Transformations At Metamorphosismentioning

confidence: 95%

Metamorphosis of Aplysia californica in Laboratory Culture

Kriegstein

Castellucci

Kandel

1974

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

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To utilize the advantages offered by the large identified nerve cells of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica for cellular biological studies of development, we have devised simple techniques for growing this species in the laboratory in large number with a generation time as short as nineteen weeks. We have used the cultured animals to study the life cycle from fertilized egg to reproductive adult. The major developmental and behavioral changes occur at metamorphosis, when the larvae settle on the seaweed Laurencia pacifica and the locomotor and feeding behaviors are transformed into their adult forms. We have examined the timetable for the abandonment of larval behaviors and the emergence of adult ones and found that the transition from swimming to crawling occurs first and marks the onset of metamorpbosis. The change from ciliary feeding to radular feeding occurs later and signals the end of metamorphosis. Other adult behaviors, such as the reflex responses and fixed-action patterns of the mantle organs, appear after metamorphosis.The large nerve cells in the marine gastropod mollusc Aplysia are useful for studying the cellular biology of identified neurons and for relating individual cells to behavior (1-3). These features could also be advantageous for studying the development of the nervous system and of the neural control of behavior. It has not been possible to use Aplysia for developmental studies, however, because the animal could not be successfully cultured through metamorphosis. In this paper we describe techniques for culturing the most extensively used species: Aplysia californica.* Since each animal lays more than 105 eggs, and mortality is low with these techniques, an almost unlimited number of larvae can be cultured through metamorphosis and inbred strains can be established.With modifications, these techniques may be applicable to other Aplysia species and to related opisthobranchs used in neurobiological studies, such as Navanax, Hermissenda, and Pleurobranchaea.We also describe the development of Aplysia californica from fertilized egg to reproductive adult. The most dramatic changes occur at metamorphosis. Particularly instructive for analyzing the life cycle are the changes in locomotion which characterize the onset of metamorphosis and the changes in feeding which mark its termination. We have examined these transformations and provide a timetable for the transition of this behavioral repertoire from larva to adult. This timetable provides normative data for subsequent studies on the development of the nervous system. RESULTSMethods of laboratory culture We collected egg masses from four sexually mature adults (obtained from Dr. Rimmon C. Fay of the Pacific BioMarine Supply Co., Venice, Calif.), kept in a holding tank of aerated sea water (from the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.), and fed daily with sea lettuce (Ulva sp.). Animals were induced to lay eggs throughout the year by keeping the temperature at 180 (4).Egg masses were transferred into 1-liter glass c...

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Section: Behavioral Transformations At Metamorphosismentioning

confidence: 95%

Metamorphosis of Aplysia californica in Laboratory Culture

Kriegstein

Castellucci

Kandel

1974

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

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“…Epiphytic grazer; detritivore Graham (1988), Fretter and Montgomery (1968), Prathep et al (2003), Fretter and Graham (1981), Wigham (1976), Fretter and Graham (1978) …”

Section: Rissoa Parvamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epiphytic grazer; detritivore Graham (1988), Fretter and Montgomery (1968), Graham (1978, 1981) Rissoella diaphana Epiphytic grazer; deposit feeder Rueda et al (2009), Graham (1988, Fretter (1948Fretter ( , 1951, Fretter and Graham (1981) Rissoella opalina Epiphytic grazer; deposit feeder Graham (1988), Fretter (1948Fretter ( , 1951, Fretter and Graham (1981) Sabella pavonina Suspension feeder Hunt (1925), Fauchald and Jumars (1979), Day (1967) (2005), Pearre (1976), Sullivan (1980), Brodeur and Terazaki (1999), Terazaki (1993Terazaki ( , 2004, Alvarez-Cadena (1993) Scrupocellaria spp.…”

Section: Rissoa Sarsimentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating Interaction Strengths and the Consequences for Trivariate Patterns in a Marine Food Web

O’Gorman¹,

Emmerson

2010

Advances in Ecological Research

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“…Stocking density and algal concentration are two more important factors influencing the success of hatchery seed culture for planktotrophic larvae in marine molluscs, because they are easier to manipulate than other environmental factors in artificial larval production systems. Therefore, the effects of stocking density or food concentration on larval survival, growth and metamorphosis have been well documented in marine molluscs (Fretter & Montgomery 1968; Pilkington & Fretter 1970; Perron & Turner 1977; Aldana‐Aranda, Lucas, Brule, Salguero & Rendon 1989; Pechenik, Eyster, Widdows & Bayne 1990; Hansen 1991; His & Seaman 1992; Pechenik, Estrella & Hammer 1996; Avila, Grenier, Tamse & Kuzirian 1997; Preece, Shepherd, Clarke & Keesing 1997; Doroudi & Southgate 2000; Pechenik, Jarrett & Rooney 2002; Powell, Bochenek, John, Klinck & Hofmann 2002; Daume, Huchette, Ryan & Day 2003; Zhao, Qiu & Qian 2003; Zheng, Ke, Zhou & Li 2005; Liu, Dong, Tang, Zhang & Xiang 2006; Yan, Zhang & Yang 2006; Mazón‐Suástegui, Ruíz‐Ruíz, Parres‐Haro & Saucedo 2008; Raghavan & Gopinathan 2008; Capo, Bardales, Gillette, Lara, Schmale & Serafy 2009; Rico‐Villa & Robert 2009). In general, larvae, reared under a lower stocking density or higher food concentration conditions, have higher survival, faster growth and more metamorphosed individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stocking density and algal concentration on the survival, growth and metamorphosis of Bobu Ivory shell, Babylonia formosae habei (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae) larvae

Zheng

Sun

et al. 2010

Aquaculture Research

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Independent and combined e¡ects of stocking density and algal concentration on the survival, growth and metamorphosis of the Bobu Ivory shell Babylonia formosae habei larvae were assessed using a 5 Â 5 factorial design with densities of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.50 larvae mL À 1 and algal concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Â 10 4 cells mL À 1 in the laboratory. Larval growth, survival and metamorphosis were signi¢cantly a¡ected by both the independent e¡ects of stocking density and algal concentration and by their interaction. The highest per cent survival (72.5%) and metamorphosis (49.5%), fastest growth (41.57 mm day À 1 ) and shortest time to initial metamorphosis (10 days) all occurred at the lowest stocking density and the highest algal concentration. Both crowding and food limitation had independently negative impacts on the survival, growth and metamorphosis of larvae, and these negative impacts were further strengthened by the interaction of a higher stocking density and a lower algal concentration. Moreover, the results suggest that stocking density and algal concentration obviously played di¡erent roles in determining larval survival and growth. To maximize survival and growth, B. formosae habei larvae should be reared at a lower stoking density of 0.25 larvae mL À 1 and fed a higher algal concentration of 25 Â 10 4 cells mL À 1 in large-scale hatchery seed culture.

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The treatment of food by prosobranch veligers

Cited by 50 publications

References 14 publications

Metamorphosis of Aplysia californica in Laboratory Culture

Metamorphosis of Aplysia californica in Laboratory Culture

Manipulating Interaction Strengths and the Consequences for Trivariate Patterns in a Marine Food Web

Effects of stocking density and algal concentration on the survival, growth and metamorphosis of Bobu Ivory shell, Babylonia formosae habei (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae) larvae

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