The Tribological Characteristics of the Cactus and Mineral Oil Blends Using Four-Ball Tribotester

Abstract

The oil derived from vegetables has been seen as an alternative to mineral oils for lubricants because of certain inherent technical properties, renewable source and their abilities to biodegrade. Vegetable oil is known to have a high viscosity index with a higher lubricity value compared to mineral oil. Despite its potentiality as a candidate alternative, vegetable oil has several limitations. It has a low wear resistance, and it is highly sensitive to temperatures with tribological characteristics. The majority of technical solutions, including additivation, chemical alterations, and blending, are being proposed as means of overcoming the listed limitations. This study seeks to investigate the characteristics of cactus oil with respect to its use as a bio-lubricant as well as the characteristics of environmentally friendly vegetable oil when they are mixed with mineral oils as alternative oil for petroleum, using the four-ball tribotester. The volumetric blending ratio was varied (20% to 80%) and these blends were performed at 1200 rpm, for one hour, with 40 kg of load at a temperature of 75ºC (ASTM D4172-B) standard. According to the results, it was found that the lowest wear scar diameter was 431.23µm, which was identified in the blend of 20% cactus oil with 80% mineral oil which symbolized by (CC20%), compared to that of neat cactus oil at 669.16 µm and mineral oil at 546.46 µm.In addition, the result also indicates that a 80% addition of cactus oil, the coefficient of friction tends to decrease compared to the values of neat cactus oil. Finally, it is concluded, the blends of cactus oil with commercial lubricant oil have better performance compared to commercial lubricant oil or neat cactus oil.

Avocado oil mixed with an antiwear additive as a potential lubricant – Measurement of antiwear and extreme pressure properties

“…Table 7 compares the results obtained from the study with existing studies conducted on fully formulated oils and chemically modified bio-oils. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] It is concluded that avocado oil mixed with ZDDP is a serious candidate for the replacement of petroleum-based mineral oils.…”

Formulation and tribological performance of engine oil blended with various non‐edible vegetable oils

“…The wear rate of the sliding surface and the liquid thickness are both directly impacted by viscosity 48 . Usually, a thicker layer of lubricant between the contact points can reduce wear and friction more than a thin layer when the same lubricant is used 66 . Furthermore, highly viscous oils generate a thick layer of lubrication between contact surfaces, thereby, reducing WSDs 45,64 .…”

“…48 Usually, a thicker layer of lubricant between the contact points can reduce wear and friction more than a thin layer when the same lubricant is used. 66 Furthermore, highly viscous oils generate a thick layer of lubrication between contact surfaces, thereby, reducing WSDs. 45,64 Figure 8 depicts the WSD images of all the lubricant samples.…”

Antiwear and extreme pressure properties of hazelnut oil blended with ZDDP

“…However, the improvement in the WSD with the addition of ZDDP brings the WSD of the hazelnut comparable to the fully formulated oils. The experimental results of the current study are compared with the different tribological studies of petroleum-based oils under similar conditions (392 N, 1,200 RPM, 3,600 s and 75°C) as depicted by Figure 2 (Salaji and Jayadas, 2020; Hassan et al , 2016; Charoo and Wani, 2017; Zahid et al , 2015). It is observed that hazelnut oil mixed with ZDDP depict wear scars very close to the petroleum-based oils and has tremendous potential as a lubricant for industrial use.…”