The trichothecene biosynthesis gene cluster of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> F15 contains a limited number of essential pathway genes and expressed non‐essential genes

Kimura, Makoto; Tokai, Takeshi; O’Donnell, Kerry; Ward, Todd J.; Fujimura, Masatake; Hamamoto, Hiroshi; Shibata, Takehiko; Yamaguchi, Isamu

doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00208-4

Cited by 143 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…An F. graminearum strain is generally characterized by its chemotype and produces one main TCTB. Genes encoding enzymes involved in TCTB biosynthesis have been identified, and most of them belong to the Tri5 cluster (Kimura et al, 2003), named after the Tri5 gene encoding the trichodiene synthase enzyme, which catalyzes the first committed step of the biosynthetic pathway. TCTBs are sesquiterpene secondary metabolites that inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells (Rocha et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Brachypodium UDP-Glycosyltransferase Confers Root Tolerance to Deoxynivalenol and Resistance to Fusarium Infection

Pasquet

Changenet²,

Macadré³

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

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Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease caused by Fusarium graminearum, a fungus able to produce type B trichothecenes on cereals, including deoxynivalenol (DON), which is harmful for humans and animals. Resistance to FHB is quantitative, and the mechanisms underlying resistance are poorly understood. Resistance has been related to the ability to conjugate DON into a glucosylated form, deoxynivalenol-3-O-glucose (D3G), by secondary metabolism UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs). However, functional analyses have never been performed within a single host species. Here, using the model cereal species Brachypodium distachyon, we show that the Bradi5g03300 UGT converts DON into D3G in planta. We present evidence that a mutation in Bradi5g03300 increases root sensitivity to DON and the susceptibility of spikes to F. graminearum, while overexpression confers increased root tolerance to the mycotoxin and spike resistance to the fungus. The dynamics of expression and conjugation suggest that the speed of DON conjugation rather than the increase of D3G per se is a critical factor explaining the higher resistance of the overexpressing lines. A detached glumes assay showed that overexpression but not mutation of the Bradi5g03300 gene alters primary infection by F. graminearum, highlighting the involvement of DON in early steps of infection. Together, these results indicate that early and efficient UGT-mediated conjugation of DON is necessary and sufficient to establish resistance to primary infection by F. graminearum and highlight a novel strategy to promote FHB resistance in cereals.

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A Brachypodium UDP-Glycosyltransferase Confers Root Tolerance to Deoxynivalenol and Resistance to Fusarium Infection

Pasquet

Changenet²,

Macadré³

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

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“…3,4,15-triacetylnivalenol In the case of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium species, the extant trichothecene gene cluster is not selfcontained. 4,5) Most of the pathway genes cannot function unless the C-3 hydroxyl group of isotrichodermol, the first pathway intermediate with a toxic trichothecene skeleton, is acetylated by a pathway enzyme encoded by Tri101. 6,7) This gene is a non-cluster trichothecene gene with a different evolutionary history from other Tri genes; 8,9) that is, the possibility that Tri101 was originally in the gene cluster and later separated from other Tri genes was unambiguously excluded.…”

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confidence: 99%

4-O-Acetylation and 3-O-Acetylation of Trichothecenes by Trichothecene 15-O-Acetyltransferase Encoded byFusarium Tri3

Tokai¹,

Takahashi-Ando²,

Izawa

et al. 2008

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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In the biosynthesis of Fusarium trichothecenes, the C-3 hydroxyl group of isotrichodermol must be acetylated by TRI101 for subsequent pathway genes to function. Despite the importance of this 3-O-acetylation step in biosynthesis, Tri101 is both physically and evolutionarily unrelated to other Tri genes in the trichothecene gene cluster. To gain insight into the evolutionary history of the cluster, we purified recombinant TRI3 (rTRI3), one of the two cluster gene-encoded trichothecene O-acetyltransferases, and examined to determine whether this 15-O-acetyltransferase can add an acetyl to the C-3 hydroxyl group of isotrichodermol. When a high concentration of rTRI3 was used in the assay (final concentration, 50 M), we observed 3-Oacetylation activity against isotrichodermol that was more than 10 5 times less efficient than the known 15-Oacetylation activity against 15-deacetylcalonectrin. The rTRI3 protein also exhibited 4-O-acetylation activity when nivalenol was used as a substrate; in addition to 15-acetylnivalenol, di-acetylated derivatives, 4,15-diacetylnivalenol, and, to a lesser extent, 3,15-diacetylnivalenol, were also detected at high enzyme concentrations. The significance of the trace trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase activity detected in rTRI3 is discussed in relation to the evolution of the trichothecene gene cluster.

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“…Many of the genes required for trichothecene biosynthesis are clustered in a 26-kb region in both the Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. graminearum genomes (2,11). Sequence differences have been identified in the gene clusters between T-2 toxin-producing strains of F. sporotrichioides and deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing strains of F. graminearum that can account for their different trichothecene phenotypes (3,12,12,13).…”

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Tri1 in Fusarium graminearum Encodes a P450 Oxygenase

McCormick

Harris

Alexander

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

119

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Gibberella zeae (asexual state Fusarium graminearum) is a major causal agent of wheat head blight and maize ear rot in North America and is responsible for contamination of grain with deoxynivalenol and related trichothecene mycotoxins. To identify additional trichothecene biosynthetic genes, cDNA libraries were prepared from fungal cultures under trichothecene-inducing conditions in culture and in planta. A gene designated LH1 that was highly expressed under these conditions exhibited only moderate (59%) similarity to known trichothecene biosynthetic cytochrome P450s. To determine the function of LH1, gene disruptants were produced and assessed for trichothecene production. Gene disruptants no longer produced 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, which is oxygenated at carbon 7 (C-7) and C-8, but rather accumulated calonectrin and 3-deacetylcalonectrin, which are not oxygenated at either C-7 or C-8. These results indicate that gene LH1 encodes a cytochrome P450 responsible for oxygenation at one or both of these positions. Despite the relatively low level of DNA and amino acid sequence similarity between the two genes, LH1 from G. zeae is the probable homologue of Tri1, which encodes a cytochrome P450 required for C-8 oxygenation in F. sporotrichioides.

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The trichothecene biosynthesis gene cluster of Fusarium graminearum F15 contains a limited number of essential pathway genes and expressed non‐essential genes

Cited by 143 publications

References 29 publications

A Brachypodium UDP-Glycosyltransferase Confers Root Tolerance to Deoxynivalenol and Resistance to Fusarium Infection

A Brachypodium UDP-Glycosyltransferase Confers Root Tolerance to Deoxynivalenol and Resistance to Fusarium Infection

4-O-Acetylation and 3-O-Acetylation of Trichothecenes by Trichothecene 15-O-Acetyltransferase Encoded byFusarium Tri3

Tri1 in Fusarium graminearum Encodes a P450 Oxygenase

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