The Tylenol tampering incident - tracing the source

Wolnik, Karen A.; Fricke, Fred L.; Bonnin, Evelyn; Gaston, Cynthia M.; Satzger, R. Duane

doi:10.1021/ac00267a003

Cited by 44 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Behaviour is the product of amplified risk perceptions and it simultaneously shapes those perceptions. For example, in relation to risks such as pharmaceutical and food contamination (Wolnik et al, 1984;Ingelfinger, 2008), heightened risk perception typically reduces consumption, and so reduces exposure, the reported prevalence of harm, and therefore subsequent perception. Liu et al's (1998) study of a milk contamination crisis showed an obvious connection between heightened risk perception and reduced consumption.…”

Section: Ripple Effects and The Endogeneity Of Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agent-based computational modelling of social risk responses

Busby

Onggo

Liu

2016

European Journal of Operational Research

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Please cite this article as: J.S. Busby , B.S.S. Onggo , Y. Liu , Agent-based computational modelling of social risk responses, European Journal of Operational Research (2015Research ( ), doi: 10.1016Research ( /j.ejor.2015 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. One of the main approaches we have for analysing the emergent public response, the social amplification of risk framework, has been the subject of little modelling. The purpose of this paper is to explore how social risk amplification can be represented and simulated. The importance of heterogeneity among risk perceivers, and the role of their social networks in shaping risk perceptions, makes it natural to take an agent-based approach. We look in particular at how to model some central aspects of many risk events: the way actors come to observe other actors more than external events in forming their risk perceptions; the way in which behaviour both follows risk perception and shapes it; and the way risk communications are fashioned in the light of responses to previous communications. We show how such aspects can be represented by availability cascades, but also how this creates further problems of how to represent the contrasting effects of informational and reputational elements, and the differentiation of private and public risk beliefs. Simulation of the resulting model shows how certain qualitative aspects of risk response time series found empirically -such as endogenously-produced peaks in risk concern -can be explained by this model.

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Section: Ripple Effects and The Endogeneity Of Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agent-based computational modelling of social risk responses

Busby

Onggo

Liu

2016

European Journal of Operational Research

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“…For example, at the end of 1982, there were seven fatal cases of cyanide poisoning after the ingestion of acetaminophene-tampered capsules. McNeil Consumer Products had to destroy approximately 22 million units and changed the production from capsules to tablets that were more difficult to tamper with (Dunea, 1983;Wolnik et al, 1984). Those responsible were never identified, and some imitators in the United States started contaminating medicines and food products with toxic chemical substances.…”

Section: Extortion Activities With Cwsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism

Pita¹,

Anadón²

2015

Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents

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“…Se calcula que en humanos la dosis letal promedio por ingestión es 200 mg de CNK o CNNa (14) . Wolnik informa de siete muertos postingesta de un analgésico contaminado con 650 mg de cianuro de potasio (25) . Otra investigación consigna envenenamiento por cianuro en un niño de 2 años que ingiere un 'removedor' de laca de uñas que contiene acetonitrilo.…”

Section: Toxicidad Humanaunclassified

Toxicidad del cianuro. Investigación bibliográfica de sus efectos en animales y en el hombre

Ramírez

2011

An Fac med

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REVISIÓN La prevención, el mejor antídotoResumen Se llama cianuro al cianuro en sí, al cianuro de hidrógeno y a sus sales. Los cianuros existen en forma natural e industrialmente se les obtiene como sales. Aún a dosis bajas son compuestos letales en tiempo mínimo de exposición. El sistema nervioso es su órgano blanco primario. Luego de ingestión, inhalación o contacto se presentan efectos neurotóxicos graves y mortales en humanos y animales. La exposición ocupacional produce alteraciones tiroideas, cefalea, vértigo, vómito, náuseas, dermatitis y exposiciones altas; a corto tiempo, terminan en paro respiratorio y muerte. Algunos compuestos de cianuro en microcantidades son indispensables para la vida. Respecto a su poder carcinógeno, al cianuro se le considera en el grupo D de los 'no clasificables como carcinógenos humanos'. Para aplicar mejor las medidas preventivas en el trabajo con cianuros, y en salud pública, es necesario conocer satisfactoriamente su acción tóxica sobre los animales y el hombre. Palabras clave: Cianuros; exposición ocupacional; acciones tóxicas; neurotóxicos. AbstractCyanide, hydrogen cyanide and its salts are called cyanide. They exist in natural form and are obtained as salts in industry. At low doses they are lethal in minimum exposure time. The nervous system is its primary target organ. After ingestion, contact or inhalation, serious neurotoxic effects appear in humans and animals. Occupational exposure can produce headache, vertigo, vomiting, nausea, thyroid gland alterations, and dermatitis. At high doses and in short time, cyanide exposure can end in death. In very low amounts some cyanide compounds are indispensable for life. Cyanide is located in group D "not classifiable as human carcinogen". In order to apply preventive measures when working with cyanides and in public health, it is necessary to acknowledge cyanide toxic effects on men and animals.

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The Tylenol tampering incident - tracing the source

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Agent-based computational modelling of social risk responses

Agent-based computational modelling of social risk responses

Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism

Toxicidad del cianuro. Investigación bibliográfica de sus efectos en animales y en el hombre

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