The ultrastructure of anthocyanoplasts in red-cabbage

Small, Catherine J.; Pecket, R. C.

doi:10.1007/bf00387900

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Many of these structures could correspond to early intermediates in AVI formation when anthocyanins are enclosed into tonoplast cup-shaped domains. In addition, AVIs have been reported to have or lack a membrane (Small and Pecket, 1982;Nozue et al, 1993;Markham et al, 2000;Zhang et al, 2006;Conn et al, 2010). We have observed that the tonoplast-derived membrane that surrounds free AVIs in the vacuolar lumen can partially degrade; therefore, depending on the stage, AVIs can partially lose their membranes.…”

Section: Avis Arise From Microautophagy Of Cytoplasmic Anthocyanin Agmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…AVIs were described as being surrounded by a single membrane in grapevine and in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea). In sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiorum), AVIs appear to lack surrounding membranes and instead consist of a protein matrix or thread-like structures (Small and Pecket, 1982;Nozue et al, 1993;Markham et al, 2000;Zhang et al, 2006;Conn et al, 2010). Besides anthocyanins, AVIs have been reported to contain a metalloprotease called VP24 in sweet potato (Nozue et al, 1997(Nozue et al, , 2003Xu et al, 2001) and tonoplast membrane lipids in grapevine cultured cells (Conn et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthocyanin Vacuolar Inclusions Form by a Microautophagy Mechanism

et al. 2015

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Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments synthesized in the cytoplasm and stored inside vacuoles. Many plant species accumulate densely packed, 3-to 10-mm diameter anthocyanin deposits called anthocyanin vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). Despite their conspicuousness and importance in organ coloration, the origin and nature of AVIs have remained controversial for decades. We analyzed AVI formation in cotyledons of different Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes grown under anthocyanin inductive conditions and in purple petals of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiorum). We found that cytoplasmic anthocyanin aggregates in close contact with the vacuolar surface are directly engulfed by the vacuolar membrane in a process reminiscent of microautophagy. The engulfed anthocyanin aggregates are surrounded by a single membrane derived from the tonoplast and eventually become free in the vacuolar lumen like an autophagic body. Neither endosomal/prevacuolar trafficking nor the autophagy ATG5 protein is involved in the formation of AVIs. In Arabidopsis, formation of AVIs is promoted by both an increase in cyanidin 3-O-glucoside derivatives and by depletion of the glutathione S-transferase TT19. We hypothesize that this novel microautophagy mechanism also mediates the transport of other flavonoid aggregates into the vacuole.

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Section: Avis Arise From Microautophagy Of Cytoplasmic Anthocyanin Agmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthocyanin Vacuolar Inclusions Form by a Microautophagy Mechanism

et al. 2015

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“…Herein it is used to refer to ER-derived biosynthetic vesicles, while AVIs, which shall be used hereafter, refer to vacuolar-associated bodies as per Poustka et al (2007) and Pourcel et al (2010). identified (Conn et al 2003). Another difference noted among species are contradictory microscopy reports showing the presence (Pecket and Small 1980;Small and Pecket 1982;Yasuda and Kumagai 1984;Jasik and Vancova 1992;Poustka et al 2007) and absence (DeusNeumann 1983;Nozue et al 1993;Kubo et al 1995;Markham et al 2000) of membranes surrounding the AVIs. Finally, the non-vacuolar localisation of anthocyanoplasts in some reports in grape (Calderon et al 1993), radish (Nozzolillo and Ishikura 1988) and rose (Yasuda 1974(Yasuda , 1979 provide evidence that AVIs are not homologous between plant species and that they may move between cellular compartments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Characterization of anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions in Vitis vinifera L. cell suspension cultures

Conn

Franco

Zhang

2010

Planta

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Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs) are intra-vacuolar structures capable of concentrating anthocyanins and are present in over 50 of the highest anthocyanin-accumulating plant species. Presence of AVIs alters pigment intensity, total anthocyanin levels, pigment hue and causes bathochromic shifts in a spatio-temporal manner within various flowers, vegetables and fruits. A year-long study on Vitis vinifera cell suspension cultures found a strong correlation between AVI prevalence and anthocyanin content, but not the number of pigmented cells, growth rate or stilbene content. Furthermore, enhancement of the prevalence of AVIs and anthocyanins was achieved by treatment of V. vinifera cell suspension cultures with sucrose, jasmonic acid and white light. A unique autofluorescence of anthocyanins was used to demonstrate microscopically that AVIs proceed from the cytosol across the tonoplast and were able to coalesce intravacuolarly, with fewer, larger AVIs predominating as cells mature. Purification and characterisation of these bodies were performed, showing that they were dense, highly organic structures, with a lipid component indicative of membrane-encasement. These purified AVIs were also shown to comprise long-chain tannins and possessed an increased affinity for binding acylated anthocyanins, though no unique protein component was detected.

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“…Anthocyanins have been repeatedly found in inclusions in several plant species with no clear phylogenetic relation including lisianthus, sweet potato, red cabbage or grapevine (Pecket and Small, 1980 ;Small and Pecket, 1982 ;Nozue and Yasuda, 1985 ;Conn et al, 2003 ;Irani and Grotewold, 2005 ;Zhang et al, 2006) . Interestingly, anthocyanin-filled inclusion occur in the cytoplasm as well as in the vacuole itself where the vacuolar bodies are generally referred to as ' a nthocyanic v acuolar i nclusions' (AVIs) (Markham et al, 2000) .…”

Section: On the Road Again: Transport Versus Trafficking And The Dawnmentioning

confidence: 94%

Handling Dangerous Molecules: Transport and Compartmentation of Plant Natural Products

Klein

Roos

2009

Plant-Derived Natural Products

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The plant cell faces a dilemma: secondary products provide a multitude of defence and signalling functions, but their biosynthesis poses a severe burden, as it competes for energy sources and building blocks and may generate toxic products. Thus, evolution of recent secondary metabolites is not only driven by their advantageous functions but also selects for strict control mechanisms including the integration of biosynthesis into the cellular ultrastructure. In order to minimize the risk of self-intoxication, secondary products are usually targeted into compartments of low metabolic activity, notably the vacuole and the extracellular space. This is most obvious for phenolic substances but also for alkaloids, the best studied plant toxins. Compartmentation on a cellular or subcellular level is also instrumental in plants synthesizing preformed defence substances such as cyanogenic glycosides in order to assure that the active toxins are only liberated in case of an attack. Biosynthetic pathways and regulatory elements are wellestablished at least for some natural compound classes such as the flavonoids. In contrast, our knowledge of transport steps behind the subcellular distribution of these substances is just scratching the surface.This chapter provides an overview on transport processes involved in secondary metabolite compartmentation that is concentrated at the best known areas of flavonoid and alkaloid production. Starting from 'classical' data of secondary metabolite transport we characterize the actually known transporters -which mainly belong to the A TP-B inding C assette (ABC) or M ultidrug a nd T oxic E xtrusion (MATE) superfamilies -and their specific functioning in cells and tissues as analyzed by modern experimental techniques. The 'transporter' hypothesis is confronted with 'vesicle transport' models of subcellular trafficking. Although it appears premature to find common ground between these alternative models, the discovery of novel cellular functions of secondary metabolites facilitates our understanding of an intimate interplay between biosynthetic steps, transmembrane 11A.E. Osbourn and V. Lanzotti (eds.), Plant-derived Natural Products, 229

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The ultrastructure of anthocyanoplasts in red-cabbage

Cited by 45 publications

References 6 publications

Anthocyanin Vacuolar Inclusions Form by a Microautophagy Mechanism

Anthocyanin Vacuolar Inclusions Form by a Microautophagy Mechanism

Characterization of anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions in Vitis vinifera L. cell suspension cultures

Handling Dangerous Molecules: Transport and Compartmentation of Plant Natural Products

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