The ultratrace detection of crystal violet in fish and environmental water samples using cold-induced aggregation microextraction based on ionic liquid (IL-CIAME)

Abstract

A new method based on ionic liquid cold-induced aggregation microextraction (IL-CIAME) in combination with fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry (FO-LADS) has been developed for the analysis of crystal violet (CV) in saline samples. In this methodology, a suitable temperature is used to fully dissolve very small amounts of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Hmim][PF 6 ] and 1-hexyl-3methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Hmim][Tf 2 N] as hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) and extractant solvents in the sample solution without the use of a disperser solvent. After dissolving, the solution was cooled in an ice bath and a cloudy solution of IL fine droplets was formed due to the decrease of IL solubility. After centrifuging, the fine droplets of the extractant phase settled to the bottom of the conical-bottom centrifuge tube. In this method, which is robust against high content of salt and water-miscible organic solvents, various parameters were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 1.16 mg L À1 and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for 20 mg L À1 CV was 2.30%. The obtained results indicated that the developed method is an excellent alternative for routine analysis in the environmental field.

Simultaneous determination of malachite green, crystal violet and their leuco-metabolites in aquaculture water samples using monolithic fiber-based solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography

“…As could be seen, the LODs of LMG and LCV obtained by the proposed method were lower than that obtained by other methods. 9,11,13,[26][27][28][29][30][31] The LODs of MG and CV achieved in the developed method were lower than that obtained by LLE-SPE-HPLC/VIS, 26 RDSE-HPLC/UV, 27 DSPE-HPLC/UV, 28 CPE-HPLC/UV 29 and IL-CIAME-HPLC/UV, 30 and as the same level as those obtained in IAC-HPLC/VIS, 31 SPE-HPLC/UV, 13 ASE-CE/UV 11 and LLE-SPE-HPLC/MS/MS. 9 At the same time, the spiked recoveries achieved in the present method were comparable with other studies.…”

Response surface methodology optimization of supramolecular dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction‐solidified floating organic drop of brilliant green and its spectrophotometric determination

“…The fish samples were extracted according to the procedure reported by Eisapour et al [34] Briefly, 5.0 g of liver or meat of each fish was divided into small pieces and 10.0 mL of 10% (v/v) ethanol solution was added to it. The mixture was placed in an ultrasonic bath for 30 min and filtered through the filter paper.…”

Certain Dyes as Pharmacologically Active Substances in Fish Farming and Other Aquaculture Products

“…Dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) techniques were developed to concentrate triphenylmethane residues from fish and shrimp matrix into small volumes of immiscible solvent 204 and ionic liquids. 205 In this research, DLLME permitted direct spectroscopic analysis of the dye residues from an optical cell without chromatographic separation. Direct analysis of MG, CV, and MB residues in fish extracts have been studied by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as well.…”