The United Nations in the 21st Century

Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P.; Lyon, Alynna J.

doi:10.4324/9780429494307

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…For example, it is not surprising to learn that drug-related and Afghan-related notions (e.g., "drug," "drug_trafficking," "afghan," "afghanistan") are among the most salient aspects of Russia's threat conceptions, given that the trafficking of heroin and opium produced in its southern neighbor, Afghanistan, is one of the security concerns that Russia has persistently raised in the council chamber over years [55]. One can also find abundant supporting evidence in preceding studies for other thematic (e.g., climate change, sexual violence) and geographic (e.g., Sahel, Iran, North Korea) focuses of council members, as well as for topics that have strong rallying effects on these members, such as the global terrorism [7,19,20,24,25]. Apparently, word embedding, on which all the above analyses rest, seems to quantify only those that are already known, or are intuitively clear about the council and its members.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Almost any textbook on the UN mentions "the expansion of what the Council considers a threat to international peace and security" [18], especially after the end of Cold War [19][20][21]. For example, numerous observers have noted the increasing involvement of the council in what had been considered essentially as internal affairs, such as civil wars and humanitarian crises [2,22].…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pair-wise correlations of threat measures among them are, in descending order, 0.704 (90% CI: 0.682-0.725) between the U.S. and the U.K., 0.676 (0.653-0.699) between the U.K. and France, and 0.666 (0.640-0.691) between the U.S. and France. This order is statistically significant, on the basis of KS two-sample tests that compared the possible combinations of these correlations 19 . Secondly, perhaps less predictably, Russia is not particularly dissimilar to the close-knit Western members in terms of the threat measures defined here.…”

Section: Cross-national Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-national analysis of global security discourse using word embeddings

Sakamoto

2020

Preprint

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Recent methodological advances in quantitative text analysis enable a not only more rigorous, but also more systematic, investigation of the discursive dynamics that are unfolding among various international actors, in comparison with preceding approaches. This study conducts such an investigation in the context of policy deliberations on international peace and security, by performing cutting-edge text analysis on the entire body of meeting records of the Security Council of the United Nations for the past quarter of a century (1994-2019). Focusing on one of the most consequential notions for the council's policy-making, "threat to the peace," this study employs an unsupervised machine learning model, broadly termed "word embedding," to analyze how this notion has been discussed by relevant members of the council, especially its five permanent members, during the period under investigation. Word embedding estimates the semantic relationships among all words found in a given set of documents, by assigning a high-dimensional vector representation to each of these words. In combination with other natural language processing techniques and simple statistical operations, it reveals persistent patterns of cross-national convergence and divergence in security discourse. While these findings are mostly consistent with existing empirical observations on council politics, some are not, including, most notably, a considerable degree of correlation in how to conceive international threats found between the close-knit Western allies in the council and their Russian counterpart. The study also tracks changing conceptions of threats over time, unveiling distinctive aspects of international relations in each period that have strongly affected the evolution of these conceptions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cross-national Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-national analysis of global security discourse using word embeddings

Sakamoto

2020

Preprint

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“…Five preliminary explanations stand out. First, the OHCHR was created in 1993, and it has been gaining visibility thanks to the quality of the past commissioners (Mingst & Karns, 2008, p. 206). Hussein has taken advantage of this dynamic trend, even radicalizing his discourse particularly against governments, including the Nicaraguan and Venezuelan ones.…”

Section: The High Commissioner: the Quest For A Role Between Radicalimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Voices of the United Nations on the Venezuelan and Nicaraguan Crises: A Sociological Approach of International Organizations

Brun¹,

Parthenay²

2020

Latin American Policy

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Various United Nations organizations and representatives have released declarations about the deterioration of the Venezuelan and Nicaraguan situations since 2017. The United Nations Security Council, the General‐Secretary, and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights have been particularly active on these issues. The positions of the selected institutions and their representatives were diverse, and sometimes contradictory, and the polarized contexts in which such declarations have been made emphasized diversity. Based on a sociological approach of international organizations, this article demonstrates that the United Nations as an actor is not a coherent and unique entity. To understand the difficulties the organization faces in dealing with the Venezuelan and Nicaraguan crises, it seems indispensable to go beyond the traditional dichotomy between states and institutions, and power politics. Indeed, institutions are plural—the United Nations through states is conservative and cautious, whereas the United Nations through the individuals and staff is more assertive and critical of the Venezuelan and Nicaraguan governments.

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“…1º, 3, da Carta, menciona entre os propósitos da organização, a promoção e o estímulo ao respeito dos direitos humanos e das liberdades fundamentais para todos, sem distinção de raça, sexo, língua ou religião. a promoção desses direitos entre os objetivos centrais das Nações Unidas(MINGST; KARNS, 2011, p. 199).de todos os órgãos das Nações Unidas que estiveram envolvidos em dito procedimento: o Conselho Econômico e Social (quatro sessões), a Comissão de Direitos Humanos (três sessões), o Comitê de Redação (duas sessões), o Grupo de Trabalho Temporário, o Terceiro Comitê (Social e Humanitário) da Assembleia Geral da ONU e sua Assembleia Geral. 12O processo formal de elaboração da DUDH teve início na primeira sessão da CDH (Estágio 1), realizada no período de 27 de janeiro a 10 de fevereiro de 1947, que adotou como método de trabalho o estabelecimento de um Comitê de Redação composto por oito membros, escolhidos com base no princípio da representação geográfica 13 , que foram incumbidos da tarefa de redigir um projeto da DUDH.Esta questão persistiu ao longo do processo de redação e a CDH trabalhou em ambos os lados, simultaneamente (E/CN.4/SR.7, E/CN.4/SR.9, E/CN.4/SR.10).Conforme explica CançadoTrindade (2003, p. 58), o plano geral inicial "era de uma Carta (Bill) Internacional de Direitos Humanos, da qual a Declaração seria apenas a primeira parte, a ser complementada por uma Convenção ou Convenções (posteriormente denominadas Pactos) e medidas de implementação".…”

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Reflexões sobre a natureza jurídica e a força vinculante da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos aos 70 (1948-2018)

Pereira

Freitas

2018

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O presente texto teve como objetivo precípuo analisar a discussão pertinente à força vinculante da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos (DUDH), apresentando os principais entendimentos que se formaram ao longo dos tempos, desde a sua proclamação, em 1948, até os dias atuais, bem como a importância dessa discussão para a proteção dos direitos humanos em todo o mundo. Para tanto, aborda-se num primeiro momento os trabalhos preparatórios da DUDH, que constituem um importante substrato para a compreensão de sua natureza e força vinculante. Em seguida são analisadas as principais correntes de pensamento que surgiram acerca do tema. Na presente pesquisa é empregado o método dedutivo, lançando-se mão de sólida fundamentação teórica, pautada em pesquisa a doutrina autorizada, tanto de índole nacional quanto internacional.

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The United Nations in the 21st Century

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Cross-national analysis of global security discourse using word embeddings

Cross-national analysis of global security discourse using word embeddings

The Multiple Voices of the United Nations on the Venezuelan and Nicaraguan Crises: A Sociological Approach of International Organizations

Reflexões sobre a natureza jurídica e a força vinculante da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos aos 70 (1948-2018)

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