The Unprecedented Epidemic in Youth Violence

Cook, Philip J.; Laub, John H.

doi:10.1086/449277

Cited by 186 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, it is important to note that although currently race is correlated with involvement in crime and violence (i.e., a risk marker), a number of studies have amply determined that it is almost certainly not the cause (i.e., a risk factor) of such behaviors (see, for example, Almgren et al, 1998;Cook and Laub, 1998;Lauritsen, Sampson, and Laub, 1991;Satcher, 2001). It is therefore logical to assume that the ecological context within which these offenders operate would produce similar patterns of behavior among members of other races.…”

Section: Participants and Recruitment Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

Brezina

Tekin

Topalli

2008

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A number of researchers point to the anticipation of early death, or a sense of "futurelessness," as a contributing factor to youth crime and violence. Young people who perceive a high probability of early death, it is argued, may have little reason to delay gratification for the promise of future benefits, as the future itself is discounted. Consequently, these young people tend to pursue high-risk behaviors associated with immediate rewards, including crime and violence. Although existing studies lend empirical support to these arguments and show a statistical relationship between anticipated early death and youth crime, this support remains tentative. Moreover, a number of questions remain regarding the interpretation of this relationship, the meanings that offenders attach to the prospect of early death, and the causal mechanisms that link anticipated early death to youth crime. In this paper, we address the limitations of previous studies using a multi-methods approach, involving the analyses of national survey data and in-depth interviews with active street offenders. "MIGHT NOT BE A TOMORROW": A MULTI-METHODS APPROACH TO ANTICIPATED EARLY DEATH AND YOUTH CRIMEPrior criminological research has served to highlight the risks of offending behavior.These risks include a number of long-term negative consequences that may accrue to offenders over the life course, including reduced life chances, poor health, and incarceration (Hagan, 1991(Hagan, , 1997Moffitt, 1993;Robins, 1966; Laub 1993, 1997;Tanner, Davies, and O'Grady, 1999). These risks also include immediate physical dangers-such as injury, paralysis, or death-that exist in the "foreground" of the criminal lifestyle and that may result from crime victim retaliation, attacks by rival offenders, or police action (Dobrin, 2001;Hoffman, 2004;Jacobs, Topalli, and Wright, 2000;McCarthy and Hagan, 2005; Sampson and Lauritsen, 2005;Topalli, Wright, and Fornango, 2002;Tremblay and Paré, 2003).At the same time, criminological research has highlighted the existence of hard-core offenders who appear to be fearless in the face of these dangers (Anderson, 1994(Anderson, , 1999Hoffman, 2004;Jacobs et al., 2000;McCarthy and Hagan, 2005;Topalli, 2005a). This population includes individuals who have experienced stabbings, shootings, or other lifethreatening injuries and yet remain undeterred from a risky and criminal lifestyle (Hoffman, 2004). In the words of one such offender, "I don't give a damn. I don't care what happens really… whether they kill us or we kill them" (Topalli and Wright, 2004: 164).To account for the fearless and uninhibited conduct of some offenders, a number of theorists have underscored the sense of hopelessness and fatalism that is said to pervade economically distressed, high-crime communities (Anderson, 1994(Anderson, , 1999Garbarino et al., 1992;Kitwana, 2002;Lorion and Saltzman, 1993;Wilson and Daly, 1997). When young people believe they have no future, it is argued, they have little to lose by engaging in crime or violence.This argument ...

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Section: Participants and Recruitment Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

Brezina

Tekin

Topalli

2008

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“…Of the various crime rates that may be used in assessing the effects of shall-issue laws, homicide is widely considered to be measured most accurately [Cook and Laub (1997)] and, as such, is the focus of the analysis presented here. Annual state-by-state homicide counts are taken from vital statistics reports compiled by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Concealed-gun-carrying laws and violent crime: evidence from state panel data

Ludwig

1998

International Review of Law and Economics

141

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“…6 One of every four or five serious crimes of violence and one of ten homicides are committed by youth and teen agers. 7 The factors for increased firearm rates among youngsters may be violence exposure in childhood, poor upbringing and aggression. In developing countries like Pakistan, firearm fatalities are increasing because of easy availability of firearm weapons as well as poor legislation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Audit of Firearm Autopsy Cases in District Sahiwal

Nadeem¹,

Qasim²,

Habiba³

et al. 2017

APMC

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Background: Firearm injuries are the major problem that severely affects the victims, their families, health care delivery as well as criminal justice system. Firearm fatalities are more common in rural areas of the developing countries like Pakistan. Easy availability of the guns has drastically enhanced the incidence of firearm related deaths. Many studies on fatal firearm injuries have been published but their pattern and targeted areas usually remain underreported. Objective: To explore the pattern of fatal firearm injuries and their distribution over the body areas; and to know the demographic profile of those victims autopsied in District Sahiwal, during year 2016. Study design: Descriptive Study. Setting and Duration: The study was conducted by examining the autopsy record of three hospitals in Sahiwal District i.e. District Headquarter (DHQ) Teaching Hospital Sahiwal, Haji Abdul Qayum Hospital Sahiwal and Tehsil Headquarter Hospital (THQ) Chichawatni during the calendar year 2016. Methodology: The data was collected from the record of all autopsy cases conducted at above mentioned three hospitals during the study period. The cases of firearm related deaths were segregated and studied in detail. The variables were age, gender, residential background of the victims and body areas involved. The dead bodies having injuries other than firearms were not included. Results: During the calendar year 2016, total 178 cases were brought for autopsy whereas 73 were the victims of firearms. The data collected, entered on the Performa and analyzed which showed that 60.3% victims of firearms were between 20-39 years of age. Male to female ratio was 2.5:1. The chest was the most affected body region in (41.1%) cases followed by abdomen and pelvis (37%), head (35.6%) and extremities were involved in (26%) victims. As regards residential background of the victims; 78.1% cases belonged to the rural areas and 15.1% were living in urban area. Conclusion: Most of the victims targeted by firearm were young males from rural community and injuries over the chest were the leading cause of death. Therefore, there is dire need to tighten the legislation regarding use of firearms as well as to modify the aggressive behavior and lifestyle of youth.

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The Unprecedented Epidemic in Youth Violence

Cited by 186 publications

References 20 publications

"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

Concealed-gun-carrying laws and violent crime: evidence from state panel data

Audit of Firearm Autopsy Cases in District Sahiwal

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