The Urine Marker Test: An Alternative Approach to Supervised Urine Collection for Doping Control

Elbe, Anne‐Marie; Jensen, Stine Nylansted; Elsborg, Peter; Wetzke, Monika; Woldemariam, Getachew A.; Huppertz, Bernd; Keller, R.; Butch, Anthony W.

doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0388-6

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Several commercially available technologies have been developed that can be used to alleviate the invasive nature of a witnessed urine collection that can also identify urine as coming from a specific athlete. One solution is PEGs given orally prior to urination and consequently urine samples can be traced to the donor by analysis of the known urinary PEGs previously ingested [ 3 ]. Practical limitations to this approach include requiring elite athletes to ingest a foreign substance and the delay between ingestion and urinary excretion of the PEGs.…”

Section: Protecting the Integrity Of Sport And The Doping Control Procementioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Drug Testing: Redefining Sample Collection in a Global Pandemic

Fedoruk

2020

Bioanalysis

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doping • DBS • doping • dried blood spots • drug testing • microsampling • sport • tampering • virtual drug testing Protecting the integrity of sport & the doping control processThe recent global COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global health crisis with far-reaching impacts on sport. With world sporting events canceled or postponed to limit the spread of infectious disease among athletes and the public and athletes adapting their training programs within the safety and protection of their own homes, global anti-doping programs face the challenge of protecting the health and wellbeing of athletes and sample collection personnel while continuing to pursue the detection and deterrence value of anti-doping testing programs. These uncertain and exceptional circumstances require innovation and flexibility within the current anti-doping system to protect the rights of clean athletes and the integrity of sport.The World Anti-Doping Code governs global anti-doping programs across Olympic and Paralympic sport. This aims to achieve global standards and harmonization of the operational aspects of anti-doping programs including sample collection and analysis, the results management process, protection of privacy and personal information, the list of prohibited substances and methods, the Therapeutic Use Exemption process, the athlete whereabouts system, intelligence and investigations practices and Code signatories' rights and responsibilities with code compliance. Within the International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI), specific details with respect to the process of sample collection must be strictly followed to uphold the integrity of the sample and the chain of custody [1]. Some important aspects of the sample collection process, designed to minimize the likelihood of sample manipulation, tampering and to prevent athletes from exploiting loopholes in the system include no-advance notice testing, physically present sample collectors performing in-person sample collection with directly observed urine and blood sample provision and the need for tamper-evident sample collection equipment that ensures the security, suitability and chain of custody of the samples from the time of collection, until laboratory receipt and analysis. Compliance with the current sample collection standards and procedures protect athletes, as well as ensuring that legal challenges to the sample collection process are minimized in cases of a positive test.As addressed in the current ISTI, witnessing and verifying the provision of the sample is critical to prevent tampering and any attempt to falsify a urine specimen. There have been instances of athletes attempting to use commercially available penile prostheses, urine substitutes, chemical additives that detoxify the sample or attempt to interfere with chemical testing and warming devices to maintain the sample at body temperature [2]. Several commercially available technologies have been developed that can be used to alleviate the invasive nature of a witnessed urine collection...

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Section: Protecting the Integrity Of Sport And The Doping Control Procementioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Drug Testing: Redefining Sample Collection in a Global Pandemic

Fedoruk

2020

Bioanalysis

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“…An alternative to supervised urine sampling was presented by Elbe et al ., who suggest the administration of a mixture of up to four different low molecular mass polyethylene glycols (PEGs, at least 50 mg each) 30 min prior to the sample collection. By varying the type and concentration of the PEGs, a diagnostic pattern is obtained that could allow affirming the ingestion of the marker as well as the authenticity of the provided doping control specimen, thus rendering the visual inspection of the sampling process unnecessary . The approach was subject of a pilot study with 91 athletes, and for the majority of athletes the benefits (no supervised sampling) outweighed the disadvantages and concerns (e.g.…”

Section: Chemical and Physical Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By varying the type and concentration of the PEGs, a diagnostic pattern is obtained that could allow affirming the ingestion of the marker as well as the authenticity of the provided doping control specimen, thus rendering the visual inspection of the sampling process unnecessary. [161] The approach was subject of a pilot study with 91 athletes, and for the majority of athletes the benefits (no supervised sampling) outweighed the disadvantages and concerns (e.g. intolerance).…”

Section: Chemical and Physical Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

Thevis

Kuuranne

Geyer

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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There has been an immense amount of visibility of doping issues on the international stage over the past 12 months with the complexity of doping controls reiterated on various occasions. Hence, analytical test methods continuously being updated, expanded, and improved to provide specific, sensitive, and comprehensive test results in line with the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) 2016 Prohibited List represent one of several critical cornerstones of doping controls. This enterprise necessitates expediting the (combined) exploitation of newly generated information on novel and/or superior target analytes for sports drug testing assays, drug elimination profiles, alternative test matrices, and recent advances in instrumental developments. This paper is a continuation of the series of annual banned-substance reviews appraising the literature published between October 2015 and September 2016 concerning human sports drug testing in the context of WADA's 2016 Prohibited List. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Subjektive Belastung durch Sichtkontrollen bei Urinabgaben im Rahmen von Abstinenzüberprüfungen

Holzer,

Graw,

Hameder

et al. 2024

Rechtsmedizin

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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Laut einem Beschluss des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (Aktenzeichen: 2 BvR 1630/21) stellt eine Urinabgabe unter Sichtkontrolle in einer Justizvollzugsanstalt einen schwerwiegenden Eingriff in das allgemeine Persönlichkeitsrecht dar, der die Intimsphäre eines Inhaftierten berührt. Auch bei Dopingkontrollen fühlen sich immer wieder Athleten durch das beobachtete Urinieren beeinträchtigt. Es liegen jedoch bislang kaum Daten vor, die die psychische Belastung einer Urinabgabe im Rahmen von Abstinenzüberprüfungen, z. B. bei Fahreignungsbegutachtungen oder Bewährungsauflagen, untersuchen. Material und Methoden Es wurden 100 Personen (davon 84 % männlich), die sich in 5 Entnahmestellen in Bayern, Thüringen und Baden-Württemberg zur Abstinenzkontrolle mittels Urinprobe vorstellten, fragebogenbasiert zu ihrer subjektiven Wahrnehmung der Sichtkontrolle und dem Wunsch nach einem nicht näher definierten, kosten- und zeitintensiveren alternativen Verfahren befragt. Ergebnisse Es gaben 37 % der Probanden (n = 31) und 44 % der Probandinnen (n = 7) an, die Sichtkontrollen nicht als unangenehm zu empfinden, wohingegen 12 % der männlichen (n = 10) und 31 % der weiblichen Untersuchten (n = 5) diese Methode als „sehr unangenehm“ oder sogar „unerträglich“ wahrnehmen. Während 75 % der Beteiligten kein alternatives Verfahren wünschen, sind 32 Personen bereit, einen zunächst begrenzten zeitlichen und/oder finanziellen Mehraufwand in ein solches Verfahren zu investieren. Diskussion Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung legen nahe, dass die Urinabgaben unter Sichtkontrollen mit keiner wesentlichen psychischen Belastung für 85 % der untersuchten Personen einhergehen und offenbar kein vermehrtes Interesse an einem mit Zeit- und Kostenmehraufwand verbundenen alternativen Verfahren vorliegt.

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The Urine Marker Test: An Alternative Approach to Supervised Urine Collection for Doping Control

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Virtual Drug Testing: Redefining Sample Collection in a Global Pandemic

Virtual Drug Testing: Redefining Sample Collection in a Global Pandemic

Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

Subjektive Belastung durch Sichtkontrollen bei Urinabgaben im Rahmen von Abstinenzüberprüfungen

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