The use of a new viability assay to determine the susceptibility of<i>Cryptosporidium</i>and<i>Eimeria</i>sporozoites to respiratory inhibitors and extremes of pH

Brown, Samantha M.A.; McDonald, Vincent; Denton, Helen; Coombs, Graham H.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08431.x

Cited by 18 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…They reported that vegetated land reduced the rate of water evaporation, and higher soil moisture increased the likelihood of detecting Giardia cysts, which might be consistent with the findings of Hu et al [ 39 ]. However, Brown et al [ 40 ] found that Cryptosporidium oocysts thrived better in alkaline pH. Vegetation buffer zones significantly reduced the number of Giardia cysts in the runoff after a storm [ 27 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Wang

Cao

2023

Pathogens

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Environmental factors significantly influence the transmission of intestinal protozoan diseases. Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are important zoonotic diseases characterized by diarrhea, and are mainly water or foodborne diseases caused by fecal-borne oocysts. The One Health approach effectively addresses environmentally influenced zoonotic diseases. However, the impact of environmental factors on the survival of Cryptosporidium/Giardia (oo)cysts or disease transmission is mostly uncharacterized. Associations between cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis incidence and environmental variables (e.g., climatic conditions, soil characteristics, and water characteristics) have been reported; however, the identified relationships are not consistently reported. Whether these are country-specific or global observations is unclear. Herein, we review the evidence for the influence of environmental factors on Cryptosporidium/Giardia and corresponding diseases from three perspectives: climatic, soil, and water characteristics. The (oo)cyst concentration or survival of Cryptosporidium/Giardia and the incidence of corresponding diseases are related to environmental variables. The associations identified varied among studies and have different levels of importance and lag times in different locations. This review summarizes the influence of relevant environmental factors on Cryptosporidium/Giardia from the One Health perspective and provides recommendations for future research, monitoring, and response.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Wang

Cao

2023

Pathogens

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“…Storing vaccines for extended periods can, therefore, undermine immunization efficacy [23]. Various approaches exist to determine apicomplexan oocyst viability in vitro [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and in vivo [24, 27, 28, 30-32, 35-39, 41-47]. Understanding gene expression in maturing and senescing oocysts might improve upon these available means to evaluate oocyst viability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamically expressed genes provide candidate viability biomarkers in a model coccidian

et al. 2021

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Eimeria parasites cause enteric disease in livestock and the closely related Cyclospora cayetanensis causes human disease. Oocysts of these coccidian parasites undergo maturation (sporulation) before becoming infectious. Here, we assessed transcription in maturing oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, a widespread chicken parasite, predicted gene functions, and determined which of these genes also occur in C. cayetanensis. RNA-Sequencing yielded ~2 billion paired-end reads, 92% of which mapped to the E. acervulina genome. The ~6,900 annotated genes underwent temporally-coordinated patterns of gene expression. Fifty-three genes each contributed >1,000 transcripts per million (TPM) throughout the study interval, including cation-transporting ATPases, an oocyst wall protein, a palmitoyltransferase, membrane proteins, and hypothetical proteins. These genes were enriched for 285 gene ontology (GO) terms and 13 genes were ascribed to 17 KEGG pathways, defining housekeeping processes and functions important throughout sporulation. Expression differed in mature and immature oocysts for 40% (2,928) of all genes; of these, nearly two-thirds (1,843) increased their expression over time. Eight genes expressed most in immature oocysts, encoding proteins promoting oocyst maturation and development, were assigned to 37 GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways. Fifty-six genes underwent significant upregulation in mature oocysts, each contributing at least 1,000 TPM. Of these, 40 were annotated by 215 GO assignments and 9 were associated with 18 KEGG pathways, encoding products involved in respiration, carbon fixation, energy utilization, invasion, motility, and stress and detoxification responses. Sporulation orchestrates coordinated changes in the expression of many genes, most especially those governing metabolic activity. Establishing the long-term fate of these transcripts in sporulated oocysts and in senescent and deceased oocysts will further elucidate the biology of coccidian development, and may provide tools to assay infectiousness of parasite cohorts. Moreover, because many of these genes have homologues in C. cayetanensis, they may prove useful as biomarkers for risk.

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Intestinal Coccidia: Cryptosporidiosis, Isosporiasis, Cyclosporiasis

McDonald

Kelly

2010

Topley &Amp; Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections

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The use of a new viability assay to determine the susceptibility ofCryptosporidiumandEimeriasporozoites to respiratory inhibitors and extremes of pH

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Environmental Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Environmental Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Dynamically expressed genes provide candidate viability biomarkers in a model coccidian

Intestinal Coccidia: Cryptosporidiosis, Isosporiasis, Cyclosporiasis

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