The Use of Confidence or Fiducial Limits Illustrated in the Case of the Binomial

Clopper, C. J.; Pearson, E. S.

doi:10.1093/biomet/26.4.404

Cited by 3,901 publications

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“…Proportion of early saccades and error saccades (Zincorrect direction) in the gap task of experiment 1. (The proportion of early saccades was determined from the intersection between two sequential line elements fitted to the gap data in figure 4 (see §2), and binomial CIs calculated using the formula of Clopper & Pearson (1934 respectively; subject B: 21 and 14 ms; subject F: 14 and 20 ms), suggesting that isolating S-cones does not influence the gap effect in a way that differs from other isoluminant colours. Importantly, the absence of a prominent tail of very short saccades indicates that the gap effect is due to a shift in the main saccadic distribution rather than the presence of sub-population of early saccades.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of stimuli that isolate S-cones on early saccades and the gap effect

Anderson

Carpenter

2007

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Disappearance of the fixation spot before the appearance of a peripheral target typically reduces average saccadic reaction times (the gap effect) and may also produce a separate population of early or express saccades. The superior colliculus (SC) is generally believed to be critically involved in generating both effects. As the direct sensory input to the SC does not encode colour information, to determine whether this input was critical in generating the gap effect or express saccades we used coloured targets which this pathway cannot distinguish. Our observers still made early saccades to colour-defined targets, but these were anticipations in response to the offset of the non-coloured fixation target. We also show that a gap effect still occurs when either the fixation target or the peripheral target is colour defined, suggesting that direct sensory input to the SC is not required and that information about the location of colour-defined targets is abstracted prior to processing within the SC.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of stimuli that isolate S-cones on early saccades and the gap effect

Anderson

Carpenter

2007

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…The exact 95% confidence interval (CI) for each prevalence rate was obtained by the Clopper-Pearson method [12]. Prevalence rate ratios (PR) were calculated by dividing the prevalence rate for NH-Blacks and Hispanics by the prevalence rate for NH-Whites (referent group).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Prevalence of Specific Types of Congenital Heart Defects Different for Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Infants?

Nembhard

Salemi

Wang

et al. 2009

Matern Child Health J

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Background Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of specific types of CHD among non-Hispanic (NH)-Black, NH-White, and Hispanic infants. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study with 9,352 singleton infants diagnosed with conotruncal, right or left obstructive or septal CHDs from the Florida Birth Defects Registry, born 1998-2003 to resident NH-White, NH-Black, and Hispanic women aged 15-49. Defect-specific prevalence rates, prevalence ratios and P-values were calculated for each type of CHD and by number of defects for each racial/ ethnic group. Results Compared to NH-Whites, NH-Blacks had higher rates of pulmonary valve atresia/stenosis but lower frequency of aortic valve atresia/stenosis and ventricular septal defect. Hispanics had lower rates of aortic valve atresia/stenosis and atrioventricular septal defects than NH-Whites. Conclusions Although few racial/ethnic differences in prevalence are present among infants with major CHD, observed differences are clinically meaningful. However, the underlying etiologies for the observed differences remain unknown.

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“…Given an estimate of 5% previous neonatal resuscitation experience, the anticipated width of our 95% CI would be acceptable at # 10% using the twotailed exact binomial distribution. 9 Table 1 provides the characteristics of the study population. There were 130 ED staff screened from August 2010 until October 2010, of whom 107 were eligible and invited to participate: 52 of 77 nurses (67.5%) and 20 of 30 (66.7%) physicians completed the survey, for a response rate of 67.3%.…”

Section: Data Analysis and Sample Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Preparedness of urban, general emergency department staff for neonatal resuscitation in a Canadian setting

Kester-Greene

Lee

2014

CJEM

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Objectives: The level of expertise and degree of training in neonatal resuscitation (NNR) of emergency physicians is not standardized and has not been measured. We sought to determine the self-reported comfort with, knowledge of, and experience with NNR of emergency department (ED) staff in a general ED prior to the opening of a new neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to explore factors associated with NNR comfort. Methods: Using Dillman methodology, we electronically surveyed full-time emergency physicians and nurses. Participants rated knowledge, comfort, and experience on 5-point Likert scales. We used logistic regression to explore factors associated with NNR comfort. Results: The response rate was 67.3% (n 5 107). Only 4.2% of staff reported ever participating in a NNR, and only 38.7% reported any previous NNR training. Between 75 and 85% of participants rated their comfort level in caring for neonates, sense of preparedness, and knowledge of managing a sick neonate as poor or very poor. A recent neonatal clinical encounter was the strongest predictor of perceived comfort in NNR (OR 5 22.2, 95% CI 5.0-98.7), as was completion of the Neonatal Resuscitation Provider (NRP) course (OR 5 3.1, 95% CI 1.4-7.0). Conclusions: Perceived comfort with, knowledge of, and preparedness for NNR were poor in an urban, general ED prior to the opening of an NICU. Recent neonatal clinical encounter and participation in the NRP course were the strongest predictors of improved NNR comfort. In future work, we intend to assess the impact of simulation-based training on comfort with NNR among ED staff who primarily treat adults. RÉ SUMÉObjectifs: Le degré de connaissances spé cialisé es et de formation des urgentologues en ré animation né onatale (RNN) n'est pas uniformisé et il n'a jamais fait l'objet de mesure. L'é tude visait donc à dé terminer, par autoé valuation, Conclusions: Le degré d'aise en RNN, les connaissances en la matiè re, et le degré de pré paration é taient perç us comme mé diocres dans un SU gé né ral, en milieu urbain, avant l'ouverture d'un SSNI. Les interventions cliniques ré centes en né onatologie et la participation au cours de ré animation né onatale se sont ré vé lé es les facteurs pré visionnels les plus puissants d'une amé lioration du degré d'aise en RNN. Il est de notre intention d'é valuer, dans le cadre d'un autre travail, l'incidence de la formation axé e sur la simulation sur le degré d'aise en RNN du personnel de SU, qui traite principalement des adultes.

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The Use of Confidence or Fiducial Limits Illustrated in the Case of the Binomial

Cited by 3,901 publications

References 0 publications

The effect of stimuli that isolate S-cones on early saccades and the gap effect

The effect of stimuli that isolate S-cones on early saccades and the gap effect

Is the Prevalence of Specific Types of Congenital Heart Defects Different for Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Infants?

Preparedness of urban, general emergency department staff for neonatal resuscitation in a Canadian setting

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