The Use of Liquids Ionic Fluids as Pharmaceutically Active Substances Helpful in Combating Nosocomial Infections Induced by Klebsiella Pneumoniae New Delhi Strain, Acinetobacter Baumannii and Enterococcus Species

Abstract

This review deals with various microbiological activities of ionic liquids, which constitute the first anti-infective defense against multi-drug-resistant bacteria—with a particular emphasis placed on medicine and pharmacology. The quoted data on the biological activity of ionic liquids including their antimicrobial properties (depending on the type of a cation or an anion) and are discussed in view of possible applications in nosocomial infections. Dedicated attention is given to finding infections with the Klebsiella pneumoniae New Delhi strain, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterococcus species, which are responsible for the induction of antibiotic resistance in intensive care units. Diagnosis and treatment using current antibiotics is a significant problem in hospital care, and the relevant burden on the health systems of the European Union member states induces the search for new, effective methods of treatment. Ionic liquids, due to their antibacterial effect, can be considered topical and general medications and may provide the basis for treatment to eliminate the antibiotic resistance phenomenon in the future. At present, the number of infections with resistant pathogens in hospitals and outpatient clinics in the European Union is growing. In 2015–2017, a significant incidence of respiratory and bloodstream infections with bacteria resistant to antibiotics from the 3rd generation group of cephalosporins, glycopeptides, and carbapenems were observed. The paper presents examples of synthesized bifunctional salts with at least one pharmaceutically active ion in obtaining a controlled release, controlled delivery, and biological impact on the pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi. The ionic liquids obtained in the presented way may find applications in the treatment of wounds and infections.

Anticancer and antimicrobial properties of imidazolium based ionic liquids with salicylate anion

“…Several notable reviews have emphasized the advantages of using ionic liquids in medicinal chemistry. [1][2][3] Improvement of water-solubility and thus bioavailability, by conversion of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) to ionic liquid represents a common way for improving drug formulations. The physical, chemical and biological properties of these compounds, such as lipophilicity or toxicity, are also connected to their bioavailability.…”

Recycling Old Antibiotics with Ionic Liquids

“…Since there are a lot of possible anion and cation combinations, it is possible to tailor an IL molecule in order to achieve a desirable property [ 30 ]. Researchers can design a specific IL by choosing negatively charged small anions like [Tf 2 N] − , PF 6 − , or PF 4 − and positively charged large cations like alkyl-imidazolium, alkyl-pyridinium, alkyl-pyrrolidinium, alkyl-phosphonium, or alkyl-morpholinium [ 31 , 37 , 45 , 46 ].…”

“…Nowadays, several fields of pharmaceutical industry already use ILs as components of drug or drug delivery systems and as solvents in drug synthesis [ 28 , 31 , 32 ]. ILs are being studied because of their biological activity [ 28 ], their biomedical applications [ 38 ], and their antimicrobial activity [ 40 , 46 , 53 ], and also in consideration of their environmental toxicity [ 37 ] and cytotoxicity against cancer cells [ 27 , 54 ], with some studies exploring the possibilities of IL biodegradation [ 55 ]. A summary of the many pharmaceutical and medicinal applications of ILs is provided in Figure 2 .…”

“…Quaternary ammonium or pyridinium halides have been previously described with antimicrobial properties [ 40 , 46 ]. This characteristic together with the toxicity studies of new ILs led to the biological activity research of ILs and their application in the pharmaceutical and medical sciences and industries, which increased the attention paid to this type of IL [ 40 , 46 ].…”

“…Quaternary ammonium or pyridinium halides have been previously described with antimicrobial properties [ 40 , 46 ]. This characteristic together with the toxicity studies of new ILs led to the biological activity research of ILs and their application in the pharmaceutical and medical sciences and industries, which increased the attention paid to this type of IL [ 40 , 46 ]. Several types of cations, like imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, and ammonium, among others, have been shown to inhibit the growth of both environmental and clinically important pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms [ 31 ].…”