The use of longitudinal data analysis to study the multi‐seasonal growth responses of Norway and Sitka spruce to summer exposure to ozone: implications for the determination of critical levels

Abstract

SUMMARYA common feature of many pollutant exposure studies is that data from these experiments often consist of either plant biomass or yield, and the response to the pollutant is usually based on a simple comparison of means determined at the end of each growing season. This type of data is now being used to quantify critical levels for different types of vegetation. Such an approach is, however, inappropriate for the relatively short-term exposure studies with trees since, due to their longevity, it is not possible to determine a final yield, instead these studies should be regarded as a type of intervention experiment in which only a small part of the life cycle of the tree is investigated. Moreover, critical le\'els as they are now defined focus on the cumulative exposure to ozone concentrations over time. Hence, any analysis of the efFects of ozone on the growth of trees should similarly focus on the behaviour of growth functions over time and not on a comparison of biomass at the end of a growing season or experiment.Here we report on the statistical analysis of a longitudinal study, where the term 'longitudinal' refers to the analysis of repeated measurements over time, and which was used to investigate relative differences in the growth of Sitka spruce and Norway spruce seedlings during three summers' exposure to ozone over three (Norway) or four (Sitka) growing seasons. Measurements of total seedling height and stem diameter were made at frequent intervals over the period of the experiment and the above-ground growth of individual trees (as log iPh) analysed for each growing season using a statistical model of the form: ni{t) = a + b{t-t^). No statistically significant differences in the growth of Norway spruce were obsen-ed after three summers of ozone exposure. The growth of Sitka spruce was, however, reduced by ozone during the third growing season and in the following year, even in the absence of the pollutant.For the Sitka spruce, the fitted model was used to calculate the time at which a lO^'c reduction in growth had occurred in the ozone-exposed trees. In combination with ozone AOT40 indices for the relevant growing seasons, this was then used to determine a critical level of 21'3 ppm-h for this species. Since the growth of the Norway spruce was unaffected by exposure to ozone it was not possible to calculate a critical level other than to surmise that it is in excess of 30 ppm-h.

Impact of four years exposure to different levels of ozone, phosphorus and drought on chlorophyll, mineral nutrients, and stem volume of Norway spruce, Picea abies

“…Norway spruce has for a long time been considered as a relatively ozone insensitive species (Davis and Wood 1972). Nast et al (1993), Braun and Flückiger (1995) and Lucas and Diggle (1997) did not find any significant ozone-induced reductions in growth after 2 or 3 years of exposure. Subsequent studies have shown contradicting results.…”

Four years of ozone exposure at high or low phosphorus reduced biomass in Norway spruce

“…It is clear that fast-growing deciduous tree species respond more rapidly to ozone than conifers in the same experimental conditions. Holland et al (1995) studied Picea abies, Picea sitchensis and Pinus sylvestris and found no significant effects on growth for any of these species, while Lucas and Diggle (1997) found a significant decrease in stem volume in Picea sitchensis but not in Picea abies after three seasons of ozone exposure. There are also differences between coniferous species in different studies.…”

Influence of nitrogen and phosphorous availability and ozone stress on Norway spruce seedlings

“…Abbreviations: Control = optimal N and P fertilization; HN = nitrogen excess; LN = nitrogen deficiency; and LP = phosphorus deficiency. i.e., logarithm of stem diameter squared × total height (y = log (d 2 h)) was also used in growth analyses (Lucas and Diggle 1997). Visible symptoms of ozone damage (yellowing and chlorotic mottling of needles) to current-year, 1-and 2-year-old needles were estimated as a proportion of damaged needle area per plant after the first (September 15, 1997) and second (September 2, 1998) year of exposure.…”