The Use of New Polymethylmethacrylate Adjuvants for Split Influenza Vaccines

Abstract

Split influenza virus vaccines with varying antigen content were adjuvated with polymethylmethacrylate particles, produced by polymerizing monomeric methylmethacrylate in the presence of the subunits, or by addition of the subunits to previously polymerized methacrylate particles. Both adjuvants yielded higher antibody titers than aluminum hydroxide or fluid vaccines. The character of the antigen-adjuvant conjugate of both types of polymer adjuvants is discussed.

Preparation and Characterization of Innovative Protein-coated Poly(Methylmethacrylate) Core-shell Nanoparticles for Vaccine Purposes

“…Further toxicological and biodistribution studies are certainly needed before clinical testing of these nanoparticles. However, it is noteworthy that the preparation of these nanoparticles foresees the employment of biocompatible and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as PMMA, already shown to be slowly degradable in the form of nanoparticles (48)(49)(50), and Eudragit L100-55, already approved for oral use in humans (http:// www.roehm.de/en/pharmapolymers.html). Based on the knowledge reported in the literature regarding PMMA toxicology and biodistribution (50)(51)(52)(53)(54), and considering that vaccine approaches require a very limited number of immunization/boost steps in a life-time not by the intravenous route, and hence inoculation of very low doses of nanoparticles, the risk deriving from polymer accumulation seems to be very low.…”

Untitled

“…Charge on liposomes also influence drug concentration in ocular tissues 50 . Corneal epithelium is covered by negatively charged mucin and all authors agreed that positively charged liposomes increase drug concentration in ocular tissues 51 .…”

Carrier-Mediated Antiviral Therapy

“…This effect was observed some years ago during the development of split vaccines (Kreuter and Speiser. 1976a;Kreuter et al. 1976) but may be more pronounced during the development of vaccines produced by genetic engineering.…”

“…1976a;Kreuter et al. 1976) or by basecatalyzed polymerization in the case of the cyanocrylates (Couvreur et al, 1979).…”

“…8). At optimal concentrations, this adjuvant yielded a better antibody response (Kreuter and Speiser, 1976a;Kreuter et al. 1976;Kreuter and Liehl, 1981) and better protection (Kreuter and Liehl.…”