The use of nitrogen fertiliser in agriculture. Where do we go practically and ecolotically?

The Rhizobiaceae

“…Projected Total Population All Others (1.2) Waggoner, 1994. growth and development (Newbould, 1989). Production of high-quality, protein-rich food is extremely dependent upon the availability of necessary N. The striking rise in cereal grain yields in developed countries between 1950 and 1990 is directly attributable to a lO-fold increase in N2 fertilizer use ( Figure 2).…”

“…Although many diverse associations (Table 1) contribute to biological N2 fixation (BNF) (Sprent, 1984), in most agricultural settings the primaIy source (80%) of biologically fixed N2 is through the soil bacteria Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Azorhizobium-Iegume symbiosis (Vance, 1996). Adapted from Newbould, 1989 andWaggoner, 1994. intake. Total nitrogen (N) fertilizer use from 1920-1996.…”

Coating of urea granules by in situ polymerization in fluidized bed reactors

“…In addition, urea is noncorrosive and can be easily mixed with other compounds [1][2][3] . The main problem associated with the use of urea as a fertilizer is the high rate of loss to the environment through leaching and volatilization [3][4][5] . Losses can reach 50 wt% of the applied urea fertilizer, depending on the climate, soil conditions and application technologies, causing environmental pollution and increasing the costs of crop production [6][7][8][9][10] .…”

Environmental impact of fertilizer use and slow release of mineral nutrients as a response to this challenge

“…Urea and ammonium salt, used as mineral fertilizers are potential sources of ammonia. Its migration into adjacent ecosystems disturbs or destroys vegetation of other plants 6,22 . A part of ammonia, after conversion into nitric acid, combines with sulphuric acid and in the form of acid rains badly affects vegetation and leads to erosion and soil depletion 6, 11, 22 .…”

“…Its migration into adjacent ecosystems disturbs or destroys vegetation of other plants 6,22 . A part of ammonia, after conversion into nitric acid, combines with sulphuric acid and in the form of acid rains badly affects vegetation and leads to erosion and soil depletion 6, 11, 22 . As a result of denitrifi cation processes taking place in soil both nitrogen monoxide (I) and nitric oxide (II) are created.…”