The use of tear ferning test in cats for evaluation of ocular surface

Veloso, Jéssica Fontes; Oriá, Arianne Pontes; Raposo, Ana; Lacerda, Ariane Jesus; Silva, Cláudia Vital Borges; Lima, Larissa Ferreira; Carlos, Renata Santiago Alberto

doi:10.1186/s13028-020-00523-5

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In order to minimize subjectivity in the test for tear samples from Shih-Tzu dogs, we adopted the two scales available in the literature. However, like other authors [1,9,10], we highlight the need for the adoption of a species-speci c scale, as there may be differences even among breeds [10]. In this way, it will be possible to further improve the classi cation and elaboration of ferning patterns for each species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…After complete drying, the slides were evaluated under a 10× lens magnifcation polarized light microscope with a camera (Microscope Scope A.1/AX10 Axion Cam ICc5; Zeiss, São Paulo, Brazil). The acquired images were classifed and the formation of branches, angulations and zones of transitions were evaluated according to the proposed scales of Rolando et al [9] and Masmali et al [10].…”

Section: Stt-1 Tear Sample Collection and Tftmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other less common but equally important tests, such as conjunctival impression cytology, conjunctival biopsy, tear osmolarity measurement, and tear ferning test (TFT) [11,12], are also available and have reference parameters for different species, including horses [13], dogs [1], squirrel monkeys [9], and cats [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of tear film breakup time, Schirmer tear test, blink rate and tear ferning test in Shih-Tzu dogs

Vitor,

Teixeira,

Santos

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Shih-Tzu dogs are severely affected by lacrimal surface ophthalmic disorders, such as Dry Eye Disease (DED). The objective of this study was to evaluate tear quality in Shih-Tzu dogs. Thirty dogs underwent eyelid blink counting, tear film breakup time (TBUT) test, Schirmer tear test (STT-1), and tear ferning test (TFT). Results: Of the 30 animals evaluated, 28 had STT-1 values within the normal range, with a mean and median of 24.5 and 25 mm/min, respectively. The mean and median of TBUT were 3.8 and 4 seconds, respectively. The majority of TFT classifications suggested ophthalmic alterations, with 61.1% classified as grade III according to the Rolando scale, and 46.4% as grade 3 according to the Masmali scale. In the blink rate, the mean and median values for incomplete eyelid blinks/min (86.9 and 67.5) were higher than for complete blinks/min (22.9 and 12), and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). Two dogs had STT-1 values below the reference range, with 10 mm/min in the right eye (RE) and 7 mm/min in the left eye (LE) for the first dog, and 9 mm/min (RE) and 10 mm/min (LE) for the second dog. The TBUT for the first dog was 3 and 4 seconds in the RE and LE, respectively, while for the second dog, it was 3 and 2 seconds in the RE and LE, respectively. Regarding TFT classification, the first dog had type II according to the Rolando scale for both eyes and grade 2 according to the Masmali scale for both eyes, while the second dog had type IV according to the Rolando scale for both eyes and grade 4 according to the Masmali scale for both eyes. In the blink rate, the evaluators observed a mean and median of 9.3 and 6 complete eyelid blinks/min, and 43.6 and 55 incomplete blinks/min for the first dog, and 3.3 and 3 complete eyelid blinks/min, and 43.3 and 44 incomplete blinks/min for the second dog. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, despite the animals having STT-1 values within the normal range for the species, there was a high prevalence of type III and grade 3 tear ferning pattern according to the Rolando and Masmali scales, respectively. These patterns are not considered healthy in dogs. Additionally, the dogs exhibited few complete eyelid blinks and a high frequency of incomplete blinks. This finding indicates that the animals, despite having an adequate aqueous fraction, have compromised tear quality and poor spreading of the tear film, which may result in Dry Eye Disease (DED). Further studies are necessary with animals showing STT-1 values below the normal range to better elucidate the abnormalities associated with DED.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Stt-1 Tear Sample Collection and Tftmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of tear film breakup time, Schirmer tear test, blink rate and tear ferning test in Shih-Tzu dogs

Vitor,

Teixeira,

Santos

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…There is no consensus in the literature regarding the ideal crystallization time, and variations from 7 to 10 min, described for humans and monkeys, respectively, have been reported ( 13 ). The time range for horses, dogs and cats tear crystallization were around 10 to 18 min ( 12 , 18 , 33 ), and all aerial and terrestrial species presented a similar pattern. The crystallization time of the Caiman latirostris and Caretta caretta (a semi-aquatic and a marine species, respectively) tears was greater than the previously reported species, and possible differences in the composition of these tears may have delayed the tear drying process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Comparison of Electrolyte Composition and Crystallization Patterns in Bird and Reptile Tears

et al. 2020

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To compare tear electrolytes and tear crystallization patterns in birds and reptiles, tears were sampled by Schirmer tear test from 10 animals each of Ara ararauna, Amazona aestiva, Tyto alba, Rupornis magnirostris, Chelonoidis carbonaria , and Caiman latirostris , and 5 of Caretta caretta . The aliquots were pooled to assess concentrations of total protein, chloride, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, and urea. For the tear ferning test, samples of each species were observed under a polarized light microscope at room temperature and humidity. Crystallization patterns were graded according Rolando and Masmali scales. There was more total protein and urea in owl and sea turtle tears, respectively, than in the other animals tested. Electrolyte balance was similar for all species, with higher sodium, chloride, and iron. In birds, Rolando-scale grades of tear crystallization patterns ranged from I to II, and from 0 to 2 using the Masmali scale; in reptiles, grades were II to IV (Rolando) and 2 to 4 (Masmali). Crystallization arrangements of some species had higher scores, as caimans and sea turtles, possibly due to different the tear composition. Marine and lacustrine species presented higher. The ionic balance of lacrimal fluids of birds and reptiles was similar to that in humans, with higher values of sodium and chloride. However, a similar tear composition did not influence the crystal morphology. Crystallization classification suggested that higher grades and types are due to the different microelements present in the tears of wild species.

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“…The TF test can be used as a repeatable in vitro method to assess the quality of tears collected from humans and animals [15][16][17][18]. Tears, when dried, produce crystals in specific patterns known as ferns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern

et al. 2023

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Purpose To investigate the effect of the addition of a low concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions on the tear ferning (TF) patterns of tears collected from humans. Methods A tear sample (20 μL) was collected from the right eye of 23 males and 7 females (25.4 ± 6.6 years). The tears were collected in one sitting for healthy subjects (N = 13). For dry eye participants (N = 17), the tear samples were collected in two separate settings with five minutes gap in between. A sample (1 μL) from each tear was dried on a glass slide, and the obtained ferns were observed using a microscope and graded using the five-point TF grading scale. Mixtures of tear samples (0.5 μL) and different volumes (0.5–2.5 μL) of each electrolyte (10–30 mg in 100 mL of water) solution were prepared, and their TF patterns were recorded and compared with those of the corresponding pure tears. Results Significant improvements (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.001) have been seen in the TF grades of the tear samples after the addition of NaCl and KCl solutions. A significant difference (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.016) was found between the TF grades when NaCl and KCl solutions were added to the tear samples. The TF grades of pure tears collected from dry-eye subjects ranged from 2.1 to 3.5, based on the five points grading scale, and decreased to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.6 after the addition of electrolyte solutions. While the TF grades of pure tears collected from normal-eye ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 and improved after the addition of electrolyte solution to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.5. Conclusions The TF test was used in vitro to assess the impact of the addition of a low concentration of sodium and potassium chloride solutions on tears collected from humans. The TF grades of human tears significantly improved after the addition of either sodium or potassium chloride solution. The mechanism for the improvement in TF grades due to the addition of electrolyte solutions must be investigated.

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The use of tear ferning test in cats for evaluation of ocular surface

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Evaluation of tear film breakup time, Schirmer tear test, blink rate and tear ferning test in Shih-Tzu dogs

Evaluation of tear film breakup time, Schirmer tear test, blink rate and tear ferning test in Shih-Tzu dogs

Comparison of Electrolyte Composition and Crystallization Patterns in Bird and Reptile Tears

Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern

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