The use of underwater high‐voltage discharges to improve the efficiency of Jatropha curcasL. biodiesel production

Abstract

Underwater high-voltage discharges (3.5 kV) resulting in 4.9 kJ shock waves (50-60 MPa) were studied at the laboratory scale as a Jatropha curcas L. seed disintegration method. Grinding and macerating in an excess of methanol (3.5:1) was advantageous because methanol acts both as a liquid carrier for the pressure shock waves and as a solvent that increases the efficiency of oil extraction while remaining usable for esterification. The influence of the number of shock waves and the intensity of methanol maceration on the heat values of the pressed cake are stated in detail. Soxhlet extraction demonstrated that a greater than 94% oil extraction was achieved. The increased disintegration of vacuoles rich in oil was documented by surface area analysis, mineralization kinetics analysis, and electron microscopy. The working volumes were small, and the proportion of energy inadequate compared to the yields released; however, much can be improved by upgrading the process.

Research trends of sustainability and marketing research, 2010–2020: Topic modeling analysis

“…The environmental pillar of transportation sustainability is mainly focused on eliminating negative outputs of transportations such as decreasing greenhouse gas emission, air pollution, waste and noise pollution followed by efficient use of resources and materials to improve its environmental performances [ 178 , 181 , 182 ]. The social pillar of transportation sustainability is the most complex and challenging dimension to identify because it deals with overlapped elements with the economic pillar such as safety, socio–economic and physical access, information availability, attractiveness, coordinated management, commitment to plans (example, public participation), health, and aspects of governance (example, regional cooperation) [ 178 , 181 , 183 ].…”

“…For public transportation sustainability, developing strategies must consider two agents, urban form and governance, as they create the conditions for the public transportation [ 184 ]. Specifically, urban forms consider the physical form and land use, land area and density, and centralities and regionalism while governance deals with regional integration, funding and finances, and long–term goals of public transportation [ 178 , 181 , 182 ]. Besides public transportation, forms of transportations such as freight and rail have agents incorporating with transportation sustainability; however, they share common implications that are a better modal balancing, future economic development, quality transport, and environment and social well–being of the entire society [ 178 , 181 , [183] , [184] , [185] ].…”

Enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced by pressure shockwaves opening new possibilities in Jatropha Curcas L. processing

“…The oil residue in the seedcake was determined by 24 h Soxhlet extraction in 65 °C using 50 mL of hexane and 50 mL of 2 ‐propanol per extraction. Oil expression and anaerobic fermentation were performed at laboratory scale …”

The impact of policy mixes on new energy vehicle diffusion in China

“…Moreover, increasing demand for automobile fuel has intensified energy security issues (Zhang et al 2013 ). Although oil can be replaced by biodiesel (Marousek et al 2012 ), and biodiesel has proven to be economically feasible (Marousek et.al. 2015 ), the development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is undoubtedly preferable.…”