The uses of cyclododecane in conservation

Rowe, Sophie; Rozeik, Christina

doi:10.1179/sic.2008.53.supplement-2.17

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It is very difficult to keep the exposure conditions of the experiments exactly the same; thus it is pretty difficult to directly compare the absolute sublimation rates from different experiments in the literature (Rowe and Rozeik 2008). However, the comparisons of the relative sublimation rates within this work, which are performed simultaneously, are convincing.…”

Section: Kinetic Study Of Sublimation and Residue Analysesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In the literature, cyclododecane can also be used as a masking material, a barrier layer, a volatile fixative and so on, in many kinds of articles, including fragile objects, delicate fossils and water-sensitive ink on paper, as well as textiles (Maish and Risser 2002;Arenstein et al 2004;Muñoz-Viñas 2007;Brown and Davidson 2010). However, many conservators, while 'jumping on the bandwagon' (Rowe and Rozeik 2008), are unaware of the health-and safety-related issues concerning cyclododecane, especially now it is confirmed that cyclododecane is highly bioaccumulative and its exposure limits have not been established to date (Muros and Hirx 2004;Pool 2006;European Chemicals Agency 2008). Thus, it has been suggested that cyclododecane should be used cautiously and that preliminary tests should be conducted before any treatment is applied (Nichols and Mustalish 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Use of Menthol as Temporary Consolidant in the Excavation of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army

Han

Rong²,

Huang

et al. 2013

Archaeometry

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Temporary consolidation is widely used to protect delicate artefacts or other fragile relics in art conservation. Although cyclododecane is extensively accepted, the safety-related issues have become an increasing concern and its short working time is always annoying. Inspired by its low melting point, polar structure, well-established safety profile, easy local availability and low cost, we propose menthol as a new temporary consolidant on the new excavation site of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army. In this paper, we offer a preliminarily exploration of the kinetics of menthol sublimation on two different matrices, its residue after volatilization, its penetrability and distribution in simulated terracotta samples, as well as other important properties in the laboratory. The results obtained from these tests reveal that the sublimation of menthol can be a zero-or a first-order process, depending on the porosity of the matrices, and its best operational temperature resides in the range of 60-80°C. Finally, two field cases at the archaeological site of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army are presented to show that menthol is a very effective temporary consolidant.

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Section: Kinetic Study Of Sublimation and Residue Analysesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Menthol as Temporary Consolidant in the Excavation of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army

Han

Rong²,

Huang

et al. 2013

Archaeometry

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“…On the contrary, other volatile binders—for instance, camphene, tricyclene and menthol—and their potential as temporary consolidants are somehow overlooked because of the popularity of CDD (Rowe and Rozeik ). In our previous work, laboratory research and in situ trials in Pit No.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Research into the Use of Menthol as a Temporary Consolidant for Conservation on Archaeological Excavations

2018

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Due to its ability to evaporate completely at room temperature, menthol has recently been proposed for use as a new kind of temporary consolidant at the excavation site of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army. Compared to cyclododecane (CDD), the most widely used temporary consolidant, menthol has the advantages of a longer working time, a well‐established safety profile and easy local availability. In this paper, in order to better understand the temporary consolidation behaviour of menthol and to guide its optimal use in the field, laboratory experiments are carried out on ISO standard sand substrate in conditions mimicking the situation of an archaeological excavation. Basic and important knowledge about menthol, which is related to its effectiveness in temporary consolidation, such as penetration into the substrates, the solidification process and the degradation of the efficiency of consolidation over the sublimation time, are systematically studied. The results show that the penetration of menthol is notably affected by the substrate's temperature, particle size, particle‐size distribution and water content. The solidification of melted menthol is an obvious volume shrinkage process, and the shrinkage extent is greatly affected by the application protocol. The consolidated samples experience a dramatic promotion in compressive strength, and as menthol volatilizes, the consolidated samples will eventually become loose and finally collapse.

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“…Melted cyclododecane can be applied by different means: for instance, brushes, batik balls, heated syringes or a kistka have been used to this end (Rowe and Rozeik 2008). The latter is a tool used in Ukraine and other countries in Eastern Europe in the traditional craft of decorating Easter eggs.…”

Section: Cdd In Paper Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The kistka provides a greater level of convenience than other techniques do. As a consequence, it has become a widespread tool among paper conservators using cyclododecane (see, e. g., Nichols and Mustalish 2002;Brown and Davidson 2010;Rowe and Rozeik 2008).…”

Section: Cdd In Paper Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Temperature on the Application of Cyclododecane in Paper Conservation

Viñas

Vivancos-Ramón

Ruiz-Segura³

2016

Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material

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In paper conservation, cyclododecane (CDD) is commonly used to waterproof water-sensitive inks and paints. In order to apply CDD over thin lines (such as those of drawings or signatures), conservators often use kistkas. While being a useful, convenient tool, the kistka does not always allow for a precise application of CDD. In this study, the influence of the CDD temperature on its tendency to spread through the paper-fibre web and its ability to waterproof water-sensitive materials were assessed. CDD was applied on four types of paper that were considered to be representative. During the tests, the temperature of a regular kistka was precisely controlled through an open-loop phasecontrol AC regulator. The test series showed that at a temperature of approximately 70°C, CDD is very easy to apply precisely, yet its waterproofing effects are not very good; at approximately 90°C, CDD is excellent at waterproofing, but is very difficult to apply precisely. While the ideal temperature may vary depending on the technical requirements of the artefact, it is important to stress that a variation of as little as 5°C has a relevant influence on the applicability and waterproofing efficiency of melted CDD.

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The uses of cyclododecane in conservation

Cited by 26 publications

References 12 publications

The Use of Menthol as Temporary Consolidant in the Excavation of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army

The Use of Menthol as Temporary Consolidant in the Excavation of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army

Laboratory Research into the Use of Menthol as a Temporary Consolidant for Conservation on Archaeological Excavations

The Influence of Temperature on the Application of Cyclododecane in Paper Conservation

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