The utilization of lignocellulosic wastes for laccase production under semisolid-state and submerged fermentation conditions

Abstract

IntroductionThe renewable material lignocellulose is the major component of biomass and consists of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose (1). It is the most abundant natural material in the world (2). Large quantities of lignocellulosic wastes (LCWs) are released from various industries such as food, agricultural, forestry, paper pulp, and timber. These wastes cause serious environmental pollution, but can be reused constructively rather than burned due to their rich sugar contents (3,4). The chemical properties of these lignocellulosic wastes make them a crucial and cost-effective fermentation medium for biotechnological applications (3). However, while the hemicellulose and cellulose components of lignocellulosic materials are used by numerous microorganisms, the lignin, which is the most resistant material to microbial degradation, is converted efficiently by only a limited number of organisms, such as white rot fungi (1). Lignin serves as a barrier that protects cellulose and hemicellulose from enzymatic attack; however, white rot fungi can attack this barrier in order to obtain energy from cellulose (5). These fungi produce different extracellular ligninolytic enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase (6,7). Laccase (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.10.3.2) has received much attention because of its relatively low substrate specificity in comparison to most enzymes, and for its potential application in different biotechnological, industrial, and environmental fields. This enzyme can be used for biopulping, biobleaching, wastewater treatment, decolorization of various dyes, enzymatic removal of phenolic compounds in beverages, construction of biosensors, and bioremediation (8-14). Laccase can be produced at varying rates by using a wide range of organisms grown on different substrates and by using several methods of fermentation, such as solid state, semisolid state, and submerged (15-18). However, for effective laccase production, it is very important to use efficient laccase-producing organisms, suitable fermentation methods, and cheap and widespread sources. Accordingly, one of the most suitable approaches for the production of this enzyme is to use the most efficient agricultural wastes for increasing the production of the ligninolytic enzymes (19).Agricultural wastes such as corncob and sunflower receptacle were tested as fungal fermentation media for laccase production in this study. Every year, approximately 2-3.10 6 and 85.10 5 t of corn and sunflower are produced in Turkey, respectively (20). In addition, approximately 26.10 6

Potential biotechnological capabilities of cultivable mycobiota from carwash effluents

“…In trying to answer questions surrounding the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the need for new antimicrobials, Büttel et al. () posed the question, “ Can we, by unlocking the hidden potential of fungi, attain new means to gain advantage of this battle ?” As much as this question could have been focused on antibiotics, fungi are a source of many other biotechnologically important molecules ranging from enzymes (Birhanli & Yeşilada, ; Elisashvili et al., ) to medicinal and therapeutic molecules (Gupta, Saxena, & Goyal, ; Hong et al., ). Whole cell or culture forms of fungi have also been applied to the bioremediation of metal‐polluted environments (Iram, Zaman, Iqbal, & Shabbir, ; Kumar, Singh, Dhir, Sharma, & Mehta, ; Siddiquee, Aishah, Azad, Shafawati, & Naher, ), biotreatment of raw wastewater (Coulibaly, Gourene, & Agathos, ; Novotny et al., ), and the bioremediation of persistent pollutants like plastics (Manzur & Limo, ), organochlorides (Tekere, Ncube, Read, & Zvauya, ) and petroleum hydrocarbons (Makut, Ogbonna, Ogbonna, & Owuna, ; Zafra, Absalón, & Cortés‐Espinosa, ).…”

Reactive dye decolorization activity of crude laccase enzyme from repeated-batch culture of Funalia trogii

“…White rot fungal species could produce several laccase isozymes. Culture conditions, fermentation mode, type and amount of nutrient, and inducers may affect the laccase production (Janusz et al, 2006;Birhanlı and Yeşilada, 2013) by influencing the expression of these isozymes (Giardina et al, 2010).…”

The effect of various inducers and their combinations with copper on laccaseproduction of Trametes versicolor pellets in a repeated-batch process

“…The reaction mixture contained 833 µL of sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.0), 100 µL of ABTS (0.5 mM), and a suitable amount of crude laccase enzyme. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that oxidized 1 µmol of ABTS per min at 30 °C (Murugesan et al, 2007;Birhanlı and Yeşilada, 2013 Figure 1A). In addition to SDS-PAGE, native PAGE was also performed under nondenaturating conditions.…”

“…In the present work, Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor) ATCC 200801 was chosen as an excellent laccase-producing white rot fungus according to our previous studies (Birhanli and Yesilada, 2006;Boran and Yesilada, 2011;Birhanlı and Yeşilada, 2013). Since fungal pellets can be used repeatedly for high amounts of laccase production, the repeated-batch method was used as the fermentation process.…”