In 2002, Gainer et al 1 described the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system, comprising the neurones that secrete oxytocin and vasopressin from the posterior pituitary, as "a veritable 'Rosetta Stone' for neuroendocrinology and neuroscience". Amongst the "many seminal findings" that came from this system, they highlighted the discovery and characterisation of neuropeptides, 2 the development of peptide agonists and antagonists, 3 the proposal of the prohormone concept, 4 the characterisation of bursting pacemaker activity in central nervous system neurones, 5 and the demonstrations of neuropeptide secretion from dendrites, 6 of glial-neuronal plasticity 7 and that peptides can produce complex behaviours. 8 We felt prompted to ask whether this system might also be valuable for understanding how scientific understanding develops. We sought to trace how knowledge about oxytocin has changed and is changing, and how that understanding varies in the works of different scientists pursuing different research objectives. To do this, we use a systematic search to capture a large part of the oxytocin literature, and we use citation network analysis to identify its structure, clustering papers according to their citation links.We begin with a brief account of the beginning of the oxytocin field. We then analyse each cluster to identify its topic focus, and show how the field has evolved since 1950, using bibliometric data to identify highly-cited papers. We do not assume that high citation counts define the best papers, but only that they indicate the changing foci of scientific activity. By this, we sketch out an outline of a history of oxytocin research -of the different perspectives of what oxytocin is and does, and what some might hope it might do. Our aim is to provide a sense of the diverse research questions, ideas, and findings that have motivated, and continue to motivate, research on oxytocin. And, by examining the publication and citation dynamics of this field over the last 70 years, we hope to help the reader to better understand the publication and citation metrics that continue to pervade and distort academia. 9
| ME THODSOxytocin was the first peptide hormone whose sequence was established, and the first to be synthesised; its gene was amongst the first mammalian genes to be sequenced, 10 and it has been a