The virtual tourist gaze in Greece, 1897–1905

Abstract

While travelling in Greece in 1892, a British tourist wryly commented on a group of tourists arriving in Athens who were travelling with nothing but a Baedeker guidebook and a pair of opera glasses (Armstrong, 1892). By 1892 tourist images were beginning to determine the benchmark for authentic vistas of Greece. This argument analyses an early technology for generating three dimensional images of Greece and the technological, ideological and discursive features that distinguish a particular iteration of the early tourist gaze. The study seeks to bring research from the humanities on tourism in Greece to a broader audience as a means of investigating the potential for more productive cross-flows in research covering tourism and the arts and humanities. HIGHLIGHTS: Research in tourism to Greece in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is predominantly conducted in the arts and humanities. Tourist guidebooks to Greece in the nineteenth century shift from a focus on oriental to classical stereotypes. Stereoscopic guides through Greece in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reproduced, and contradicted, guidebook stereotypes.

Tourist gaze through computer vision: where, what, how and why?

“…The perception of a destination’s brand personality is influenced by social media (Peco-Torres et al , 2020). Then, it is constructed and maintained through various social media (Mahn, 2014). Tourists are exposed to services at the destination (Prentice, 2020) and their perception of the image of the destination is transformed from their time at the destination to the end of the tour, a process that is individual and dynamic (Wang et al , 2020), which is influenced by the visitor’s own personality traits (Leri and Theodoridis, 2020) and related to experiences and interactive behaviors (Li et al , 2020) User-generated content is a window into the perceived image of real visitors (Qian et al , 2020).…”

Gaze and tourist-host relationship – state of the art

“…Tourists' power and authority are exerted over the residents of the destination through tourist gaze (Cheong and Miller, 2000;Perkins and Thorns, 2001), comprising a way of examining the environment and organizing their encounters with others (Urry and Larsen, 2011). It may be constructed and sustained through various media, such as magazines and videos (Mahn, 2014;Urry and Larsen, 2011). Furthermore, it has been widely adopted as a theoretical framework to understand tourists' perceptions of a destination (Huang et al, 2017).…”

“…Which destination can be gazed upon and how the visual experience is constructed are differentiated based on nationality, social group and/or historical period (Huang et al, 2017;McLean and Cooke, 2003;Moufakkir, 2011;Stylianou-Lambert, 2011;Sroypetch, 2016). It is crucial to consider diverse sociocultural aspects and connections between people and destinations toward understanding and characterizing tourists' visual experience (Mahn, 2014;McLean and Cooke, 2003). Researchers have realized the limitation of visual experience and resorted to a more comprehensive approach to the gaze that integrates visual experience with bodily involvement (Edensor, 2000(Edensor, , 2001Ong and Du Cros, 2012;Ryan et al, 2000), thus leading to another experience of the gaze known as "immersive experience" (Everett, 2008;Perkins and Thorns, 2001).…”

Hévízi nyugalom – életkori sztereotípiák a turizmusban = Tranquility in Hévíz – age-related stereotypes in tourism

“…Tekintettel arra, hogy a sztereotípiakutatások elsősorban a megkérdezettek tudatában a magukhoz hasonlóaknak véltekről (autosztereotípia) vagy a valamilyen csoportképző tulajdonság(ok) alapján másokról (heterosztereotípia) élő asszociációkat, képzeteket és hiedelmeket kívánják feltárni, alapvetően kvalitatív megközelítésűek, de a vizsgált csoportra vonatkozó állításokhoz rendelt skálákkal operáló kvantitatív eszköztár alkalmazásával is lehet találkozni (HUNYADI-ANH 2001, PLÉH 2017. A turizmusorientált sztereotípiák kutatását tükröző szakirodalom változatos metodikai arzenált körvonalaz, a kérdőívezés (KIM-LEE 2009), a félig strukturált interjúk (CARBONI-JANATI 2016), a közösségi média világában fellelhető fórumok, blogok elemzése (ONG-CROSS 2012), illetve ezek kombinációját felhasználó hibrid metódus (STEPCHENKOVA-MORRISON 2008) egyaránt gazdagítja a lehetőségek tárházát, míg a problémák történelmi távlatainak megismerésében az útikönyvek tartalomelemzése jelent segítséget (BENDER et al 2013, MAHN 2014.…”