This article outlines the structure and process of volunteer fire and emergency medical corporations from a theoretical and practical perspective. Practical implications for the survival of these organizations are discussed—namely, strategies for increasing participation of minorities and building rational coproductive relationships between corporations and local government.The purpose of this article is to outline central features of the structure and process of volunteer fire and emergency medical services. These emergency services are an effective, highly cost-efficient form of delivery that now faces increasing pressure both internally and from the social environment. This paper's scope is limited to the sociological nature of volunteer nonprofit corporations (the typical pattern in which these groups are organized), their members' social characteristics, and their &dquo;coproductive&dquo; relationship with government (Anderson and Clary, 1987; Brudney and Warren, 1990). These organizations account for the majority of emergency service labor forces in most states.The article begins with a qualification about the differences between fire and emergency medical service (EMS) corporations and why in this paper they are considered together. Then the relevance of studying these groups is discussed, followed by a description of the data base, theoretical issues, review of findings on social characteristics of members of these corporations, and remarks on internal processes and relations with government. The paper concludes with a theoretical reassessment and practical implications for survival of these organizations.Volunteer fire departments and rescue squads are typically founded