The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Hoekstra, Arjen Ysbert; Chapagain, Ashok; Aldaya, Maite M.; Mekonnen, Mesfin

doi:10.4324/9781849775526

Cited by 168 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…According to Water Footprint Network published definitions (Aldaya et al 2012), blue water footprint is the volume of surface and groundwater consumed as a result of the production of a good or service; green water footprint represents volume of rainwater consumed during the production process particularly of agricultural and forestry products whiles grey water footprint of a product is an indicator of freshwater pollution that can be associated with the production of a product over its full supply chain.…”

Section: Water Use Intensities In Electricity Industriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the environmental sustainability performance of global supply chains: A multi-regional input-output analysis for carbon, sulphur oxide and water footprints

Acquaye

Feng

Oppon

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental Management

169

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Section: Water Use Intensities In Electricity Industriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the environmental sustainability performance of global supply chains: A multi-regional input-output analysis for carbon, sulphur oxide and water footprints

Acquaye

Feng

Oppon

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental Management

169

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“…Used in this context, ERA is a minor variation on the standard Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) [75] notation that accounts for a hierarchy of nested boundary conditions by disaggregating the internal water footprint term to reveal internal virtual water flows between entities inside a boundary. Multiple boundary conditions allow us to distinguish between the portion of the virtual water flow and water footprint accruing to different scales and locations; in this case (1) within a municipality (intra-municipal), (2) within the metropolitan area but outside the municipality (intra-metropolitan), and (3) within the nation but outside the metropolitan area (inter-metropolitan).…”

Section: Disaggregation By Scale and Boundary Of A Municipality's Watmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area

Rushforth

Ruddell

2015

Sustainability

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Abstract:Water footprinting has revealed hydro-economic interdependencies between distant global geographies via trade, especially of agricultural and manufactured goods. However, for metropolitan areas, trade not only entails commodity flows at many scales from intra-municipal to global, but also substantial intra-metropolitan flows of the skilled labor that is essential to a city's high-value economy. Virtual water flows between municipalities are directly relevant for municipal water supply policy and infrastructure investment because they quantify the hydro-economic dependency between neighboring municipalities. These municipalities share a physical water supply and also place demands on their neighbors' water supplies by outsourcing labor and commodity production outside the municipal and water supply system boundary to the metropolitan area. Metropolitan area communities span dense urban cores to fringe agricultural towns, spanning a wide range of the US hydro-economy. This study quantifies water footprints and virtual water flows of the complete economy of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area's municipalities. A novel approach utilized journey to work data to estimate virtual water flows embedded in labor. Commodities dominate virtual water flows at all scales of analysis, however labor is shown to be important for intra-metropolitan virtual water flows. This is the first detailed water footprint analysis of Phoenix, an important city in a water-scarce region. This study establishes a hydro-economic typology for communities to define several niche roles and decision making points of view. This study's findings can be used to classify communities with respect to their relative roles, and to benchmark future improvements in water OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2015, 7 8523 sustainability for all types of communities. More importantly, these findings motivate cooperative approaches to intra-metropolitan water supply policy that recognize the hydro-economic interdependence of these municipalities and their shared interest in ensuring a sustainable and resilient hydro-economy for all members of the metropolitan area.

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“…Virtual water concept was first used by Allan [7] to support the idea that in water scarcity condition, water can be saved for municipal needs by importing more food (i.e. virtual water) instead of producing food [8][9][10]. In another study, Li et al [11] confirmed that virtual water trading can save excess water without any significant changes in revenue obtained in a non-trading activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

A Game Theory Approach for Conjunctive Use Optimization Model Based on Virtual Water Concept

et al. 2018

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In this study to allocate the agricultural and environmental water, considering virtual water concept, a multi-objective optimization model based on NSGA-II is developed. The objectives consist of equity maximization, agricultural benefit maximization for each region, maximization of green water utilization and finally minimization of environmental shortage. Then a cooperative game (Grand Coalition) model is presented by forming all possible coalitions. By the game model including Nucleolus, Proportional Nucleolus, Normal Nucleolus and Shapley methods, the benefit is reallocated based on all Pareto optimal solutions obtained from multi-objective optimization model. Then using two famous fallback bargaining methods, Unanimity and q-Approval, preferable alternative (solution) for each of the cooperative games is determined. Finally, based on the obtained benefit for each selected alternatives, the two most beneficial alternatives are chosen. The proposed methodology applied for water allocation of Minoo-Dasht, Azad-Shahr and Gonbad-Kavoos cities in Golestan province, Iran for a 3-year period as a case study. Also, eight crops including Wheat, Alfalfa, Barley, Bean, Rice, Corn, Soya, and Cotton are selected based on local experts' recommendations. The models' results indicated no significant difference between the grand coalition model and the multi-objective optimization model in terms of the average cultivation area (a relative change of 2.1%), while lower agricultural water allocation occurred for the grand coalition model (about 10.35 percent average) compared with the multi-objective optimization model. It is also observed that more agricultural benefit gained by the grand coalition model (32 percent average). Finally, it is found that Wheat and Corn hold the most rates of import and export, respectively, and Rice was the crop which has the least shortage of production to supply food demand.

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The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Cited by 168 publications

References 80 publications

Measuring the environmental sustainability performance of global supply chains: A multi-regional input-output analysis for carbon, sulphur oxide and water footprints

Measuring the environmental sustainability performance of global supply chains: A multi-regional input-output analysis for carbon, sulphur oxide and water footprints

The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area

A Game Theory Approach for Conjunctive Use Optimization Model Based on Virtual Water Concept

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